Nyelvtanulás | Angol » Judit Ormai-Czirkó - English for Law Students -3. Governance

Judit Ormai-Czirkó English for Law Students – 3. Governance New revised version 2020 UNIT 1 - GOVERNMENTAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS 1. Forms of government 1.1 Match the basic forms of government with their definitions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. absolute monarchy autocracy constitutional monarchy federal republic oligarchy parliamentary republic/parliamentary republic 7. presidential system 8. semi-presidential system 9. socialist republic/peoples republic 10. theocracy constitutional A/ A system of government where an executive branch is led by a person who serves as both head of state and head of government. That person is usually elected but can also be an unelected monarch. In this system, the executive branch exists separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it. B/ A system of government where both the prime minister and the president run the day-today affairs of the

state. C/ A type of government which operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature. D/ A form of government with a constitution and self-governing subunits. E/ System of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government. The monarch may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader F/ A monarchial form of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government; his or her powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law. G/ A form of government in which the political power is held by a single, self-appointed ruler. H/ A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military or religious hegemony. I/ A state run by a communist party that pretends to be following the progression from

capitalism to socialism or to communism hypothesized by Karl Marx. 2 J/ A form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the states supreme civil ruler. Since said god or deity is usually absent from decisionmaking, a church sponsored leader or leaders will rule instead. 1.2 Based on the map give a short presentation about the systems of goverment in the world 1.3 The following forms of state are closely connected to the United Kingdom Find information on the Internet and fill in the table. Definition Examples Colony Dependency Dominion 3 1.4 Analyse the diagram 2. Politics and government 2.1 There are fifteen words connected with politics in the box Use them in the right form to complete the sentences. The first has been done for you as an example abstention budget leader leak spokesman veto consensus legislation constitution membership devolution policy Houses poll recess 1. Germany has a federal constitution 2. A government

revealed that discussions had been concluded on the treaty 3. According to the latest opinion the Prime Minister is more unpopular than ever 4. Austria’s application for of the EU was successful 5. Many Scots would like to see more of power from Westminster 6. Parliament has introduced to control the sale of drugs 7. The bill was passed by both and sent to the President for signature 8. The crisis happened during the summer and parliament had to be recalled 9. The government is investigating the latest of documents relating to the spy trial 10. The government is running a tight monetary to try to control inflation 11. The of the opposition criticized the Prime Minister for his failure to act 12. The motion was carried by 200 votes to 150; there were 60 4 13. The President

has the power of over bills passed by Congress 14. There is a between all the major parties about what we should do now 15. The minister has put forward a aimed at slowing down the economy 2.2 All the words in the box are nouns Write the verb forms The first one has been done for you as an example. 1. an abstention 5. a leak to abstain 2. a budget 6. legislation 3. a devolution 7. a poll 4. a leader 8. a veto D. Riley: Check your Vocabulary for Law Peter Collin Publishing, 1996 3. The political system of the UK How much do you know about this topic? Do the quiz. 1. The duties of the Monarch of the United Kingdom still include summoning, proroguing and dissolving Parliament as well as appointing the Prime Minister and other leaders. However, the monarch performs these duties in accordance with ministerial advice. What assures that the King or Queen will adhere to that advice? a) b) c) d) The Magna Charta Common

Law Custom A written constitution 2. A bill passed by Parliament does not become law unless it is granted "Royal Assent" No 20th or 21st century monarch has denied assent to a Parliamentary bill. Who was the last monarch to refuse assent? a) b) c) d) Queen Anne in 1708 Queen Victoria in 1876 George III in 1799 William IV in 1831 3. Previous to the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, when a sovereign had no male heirs and a female offspring ascended to the throne, which of the following titles implied that she had full powers as a reigning monarch? a) b) c) d) Queen Rex Queen Regnant Queen Royal Queen Redoubtable 5 4. Both historical conflicts and Acts of Parliament have influenced the conditions for succeeding to the throne of the United Kingdom. What requirements must a prospective King or Queen of the United Kingdom meet? a) He or she must be a protestant. b) He or she must be both a protestant and a descendant of Princess Sophia, the Electress of Hanover. c) He or

she must be a descendant of Princess Sophia, the Electress of Hanover. d) No particular religious or genealogical requirements pertain. 5. Ultimately, marriages of the Royal Family come under the purview of Parliament Should a reigning Queen marry, what special rank and privileges are accorded to her spouse? a) b) c) d) He is seated in the House of Lords. He becomes first in the line of succession. None He becomes Duke of Windsor. 6. The Privy Council exists to advise the monarch, and the monarch makes all appointments to the Council. In what way does the Privy Council relate to the Cabinet? a) b) c) d) All of these The Cabinet has superseded the power that the Privy Council once held. Technically, the Cabinet is a committee of the Privy Council. The Cabinet advises the monarch on appointments to the Privy Council. 7. The Judicial Committee of the monarchs Privy Council provides a number of functions Which of the following does NOT properly describe a function of this committee? a)

It holds jurisdiction in appeals from the Bahamas and Barbados. b) It is the highest level of appeal for all judicial matters in the United Kingdom. c) It hears appeals from the Disciplinary Committee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. d) It mediates disputes regarding the validity of acts of the Scottish Parliament or the functions of the Scottish Executive, the Welsh Assembly or the Northern Ireland Assembly. 8. The power to declare war resides with the monarch a) True b) False 9. The cost of the monarchy is an issue to some in the United Kingdom Which UK taxes does the Monarch of the United Kingdom NOT pay? a) b) c) d) Value added tax Inheritance tax on bequests from Sovereign to Sovereign Income tax on personal income Capital gains tax 6 10. Not all royal privileges and prerogatives have been eroded over the centuries What is the status of the Royal Family under the United Kingdoms Freedom of Information Acts? a) b) c) d) Public funding information for the head of

state must be provided. No exemption is provided. Only personal income and expenditure are exempt. It is entirely exempt. 4. The institutions of government in the UK Compare the institutions of government in the UK to thsose of Hungary. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. Power is divided so as to ensure that it never becomes dangerously concentrated in the hands of one person. The present constitutional theory is that power is divided between three main organizations. Each is to a greater or lesser extent independent of the others, but at the same time owes allegiance to, and is under the nominal control of, the Crown. 1. THE MONARCH/ CROWN The Queen 2. LEGISLATURE 3. EXECUTIVE 4. JUDICIARY Parliament Government Judges Rivlin: Understanding the Law. Oxford University Press, 2004 5. The Executive (the Government) 5.1 See to the function of the Privy Council 5.2 Find the answer to the following questions in the text 1. 2. 3. 4. How is the Prime minister selected

in the UK? What is the relationship between the Prime Minister and the Monarch? How is the Cabinet formed? What is the main difference between the role of the Cabinet and that of the ministers/departments? The central Executive is divided into three groups: the Privy Council, the Ministry i.e the government of the day and the Departments of the state. The government consists of the ministers appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, who is appointed directly by the Crown and is the leader of the political party which for the time being has a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The office of Prime Minister dates from the eighteenth century and is the subject of a number of constitutional conventions. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and presides over meetings of the Cabinet; by convention he is always a Member of the House of 7 Commons. He consults and advises the Monarch on government business, supervises and to some extent

co-ordinates the work of the various ministries and departments and is the principal spokesman for the government in the House of Commons. He also makes recommendations to the Monarch on many important public appointments, including the Lord Chief Justice, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary and Lords Justices of Appeal. The Cabinet is the nucleus of government: its members consist of a small group of the most important ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister. The size of the Cabinet is today about 23 and its principal function, much of the work being carried out in Committee, is to determine, control, and integrate the policies of the government for submission to Parliament. The Cabinet meets in private and its deliberations are secret: no vote is taken, and, by the principle of ‘Cabinet unanimity’ collective responsibility is assumed for all decisions taken. The central government ministries and departments give effect to government policies and have powers and duties conferred

on them by legislation, and sometimes, under the Royal Prerogative. Each is headed by a minister who is in most cases a member of either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. 5.3 Fill in the missing prepositions in the following sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Cabinet determines the policies for submission Parliament. The institution of Prime Minister dates the eighteenth century. State departments give effect . government policies Ministers are appointed . the recommendation of the Prime Minister The Prime Minister presides meetings of the Cabinet. He makes recommendations the Monarch . appointments 5.4 What do you know about the role of the government and ministries in Hungary? 6. The Queen in Parliament 6.1 Read the text on the Queen’s role in the UK and find the words matching the following definitions (the text and the exercises are divided into 3 parts). The body having primary power to make written law. An Act of Parliament.

Agreement to somethig proposed. Drafts of proposed Acts of Parliament. 8 A special privilege or power. Invite people to take part in an event. Discontinue a session of a parliament. End officially. The process of choosing by vote a member of a representative body. . A formal public statement. An opinion about what could or should be done about a situation or problem. The Queen has an important formal and ceremonial relationship with Parliament. The phrase Crown in Parliament is used to describe the British legislature, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Of these three different elements, the Commons, a majority of whom normally supports the elected Government of the day, has the dominant political power. The role of the Sovereign in the enactment of legislation is today purely formal, although The Queen has the

right ‘to be consulted, to encourage and to warn’ her ministers via regular audiences with the Prime Minister. The Sovereign’s assent is required to all bills passed by Parliament in order for them to become law. Royal Assent (consenting to a measure becoming law) has not been refused since 1707. . It is also a long established convention that The Queen is asked by Parliament to provide consent (which is different to assent) for the debating of bills which would affect the prerogative or interests of the Crown. Where Queen’s Consent is given it is signified in each House of Parliament and recorded in Hansard. Consent has not been withheld in modern times, except on the advice of Government. The Queen also plays an important role in the ceremonial opening and dissolving of Parliament. In the annual State Opening of Parliament ceremony, The Queen opens Parliament in person, and addresses both Houses in The Queens Speech. Neither House can proceed to public business until The

Queens Speech has been read. This speech is drafted by the Government and not by The Queen. It outlines the Governments policy for the coming session of Parliament and indicates forthcoming legislation. In addition to opening Parliament, only The Queen can summon Parliament, and prorogue (discontinue without dissolving it) or dissolve it. When a Prime Minister wishes to dissolve Parliament and call a general election, he or she is obliged to seek the permission of the Sovereign to do so. For this purpose, the Prime Minister usually travels to Buckingham Palace before announcing a general election. Since the Parliament Act of 1911, the life of the United Kingdom Parliament extends to five years, unless dissolved sooner by the Sovereign at the request of the Prime Minister. . 9 In practice, except during the two World Wars when the life of Parliament was extended annually to avoid a wartime general election, every modern Parliament has been dissolved before its term has expired. When

Parliament is summoned, also after a Royal proclamation, there must, since the Representation of the People Act 1918, be a period of at least twenty days before Parliament meets. This period can be extended, but only for fourteen days, according to the Prorogation Act 1867. There is only one occasion on which Parliament meets without a Royal summons, and that is when the Sovereign has died. In such circumstances, the Succession to the Crown Act 1707 provides that, if Parliament is not already sitting, it must immediately meet and sit. The Meeting of Parliament Act 1797 provides that, if the Sovereign dies after Parliament has been dissolved, the immediately preceding Parliament sits for up to six months, if not prorogued or dissolved before then. The Queens role in Parliament is: Assenting to Bills passed by Parliament, on the advice of Ministers; Giving audiences to Ministers, at which Her Majesty may be consulted, encourage and warn; Opening each new session of Parliament; Proroguing

or dissolving Parliament before a general election. 6.2 Make a comparison between the role of the Queen in Parliament and that of the President of the Republic’s duties in the Hungarian Parliament. In order to do so, read the extract from the English translation of the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The President of the Republic Article 9 (1) The Head of State of Hungary shall be the President of the Republic, who shall embody the unity of the nation and be the guardian of the democratic functioning of the state organisation. (2) The President of the Republic shall be the Commander in Chief of the Hungarian Defence Forces. (3) The President of the Republic: a) shall represent Hungary; b) may attend and address the sittings of the National Assembly; c) may initiate Acts; d) may initiate national referendums; e) shall set the date for general elections of Members of the National Assembly, local government representatives and mayors, furthermore for European Parliament elections and

national referendums; f) shall take decisions concerning a special legal order; g) shall convene the constitutive sitting of the National Assembly; h) may dissolve the National Assembly; i) may send the adopted Fundamental Law or the amendment of the Fundamental Law to the Constitutional Court for an examination of its conformity with the procedural requirements laid down in the Fundamental Law with respect to its adoption, and may send adopted Acts to the Constitutional Court for an examination of their conformity with the Fundamental Law or may return them to the National Assembly for reconsideration; 10 j) shall propose persons for the offices of the Prime Minister, the President of the Curia, the President of the National Office for the Judiciary, the Prosecutor General and the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights; k) shall appoint professional judges and the President of the Budget Council; l) shall confirm the President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the President

of the Hungarian Academy of Arts in his or her office; m) shall form the organisation of his or her office. (4) The President of the Republic: a) shall, on the basis of authorisation by the National Assembly, express consent to be bound by international treaties; b) shall accredit and receive ambassadors and envoys; c) shall appoint Ministers, the Governor and Deputy Governors of the National Bank of Hungary, the heads of autonomous regulatory organs and university professors; d) shall assign university rectors; e) shall appoint and promote generals; f) shall award decorations, prizes and titles specified in an Act, and authorise the use of foreign state decorations; g) shall exercise the right to grant individual pardons; h) shall decide on matters of territorial organisation falling within his or her functions and powers; i) shall decide on matters related to the acquisition or termination of citizenship; j) shall decide on all matters within the powers conferred on him or her by an

Act. (5) The counter-signature of a Member of the Government shall be required for all actions and decisions of the President of the Republic under Paragraph (4). An Act may provide that for decisions taken within the powers conferred on the President of the Republic by an Act, no counter-signature shall be required. (6) The President of the Republic shall refuse to act in ccordance with a the provisions set out in Paragraphs (4)b) to e) if the conditions required by legal regulations are not met or if he or she has well-grounded reasons to conclude that it would lead to a serious disorder in the democratic functioning of the state organisation. (7) The President of the Republic shall refuse to act in accordance with the provisions set out in Paragraph (4)f), if it would violate the values enshrined in the Fundamental Law. http://www.parlamenthu/documents/125505/138409/Fundamental+law/73811993-c377-428d-9808ee03d6fb8178 7. Translation 7.1 The formality of legal texts is partly

achieved by the use of higly formal expressions, which sometimes you cannot give a word-for word translation. How would you translate the sentences underlined in Article 9? 7.2 The idea of obligation frequently occurs in legal texts and it is usually expressed in an impersonal way. How would you translate the following structures? The President of the Republic: shall represent Hungary. The Sovereign’s assent is required he or she is obliged to seek the permission of the Sovereign if Parliament is not already sitting, it must immediately meet and sit 11 7.3 In Hungarian, attributes always precede the noun they refer to If attributes are very long and it leads to a complicated sentence, a subordinate clause may be needed. In English, long attributes follow the noun they refer to. Translate the following structures In essence, devolution is a way of enabling Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to have forms of self-government within the United Kingdom. They are elected using the

single transferable vote system devolution was a key part of the Agreement, sometimes referred to as the Good Friday Agreement or the Belfast Agreement, supported by voters in a referendum 7.4 Translate the following informative text into Hungarian The president of Hungary, elected by the National Assembly every 5 years, has a largely ceremonial role, but powers include requesting the winner of a parliamentary election to form a Cabinet. That person then presents his program to Parliament, and is in turn ratified by that body as Prime Minister. The Prime Minister selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. Each Cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings and must be formally approved by the President of the Republic. The unicameral, 199-member National Assembly is the highest state legislative body and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the Prime Minister. National parliamentary elections

are held every 4 years. A party must win at least 5% of the national vote to enter Parliament. A 15-member Constitutional Court may challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality; members are appointed by a two-thirds vote in Parliament for a 12-year term of office. Based on: http://globaledge.msuedu/countries/hungary/government 8. State Opening of Parliament 19 December 2019 8.1 Scan the following information about the traditions in relation to the UK Parliament The State Opening of Parliament marks the formal start of the parliamentary year and the Queens Speech sets out the government’s agenda for the coming session, outlining proposed policies and legislation. It is the only regular occasion when the three constituent parts of Parliament – the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons – meet. State Opening happens on the first day of a new parliamentary session or shortly after a general election. The last State Opening of Parliament took place on The

Queen arrives at Sovereigns Entrance and proceeds to the Robing Room. Wearing the Imperial State Crown and the Robe of State, she leads the Royal Procession through the Royal Gallery, packed with 600 guests, to the chamber of the House of Lords. The House of Lords official known as Black Rod is sent to summon the Commons. The doors to the Commons chamber are shut in his or her face: a practice dating back to the Civil War, symbolising the Commons independence from the monarchy. Black Rod strikes the door 12 three times before it is opened. Members of the House of Commons then follow Black Rod and the Commons Speaker to the Lords chamber, standing at the opposite end to the Throne, known as the Bar of the House, to listen to the speech. The Queens Speech is delivered by the Queen from the Throne in the House of Lords. Although the Queen reads the Speech, it is written by the government. It contains an outline of its policies and proposed legislation for the new parliamentary

session. Extract from: https://www.parliamentuk/stateopening 8.2 Watch the Queen’s speech and put in the missing words and expressions https://www.youtubecom/watch?v=KA2SJoOgRSQ My Lords and Members of the House of Commons. My Government’s is to deliver the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union on 31 January. My Ministers will legislation to ensure the United Kingdom’s exit on that date and to make the most of the opportunities that this brings for all the people of the United Kingdom. Thereafter, my Ministers will seek a future relationship with the European Union based on a free trade agreement that the whole of the United Kingdom. They will also begin trade with other leading global economies. The integrity and prosperity of the United Kingdom is of the utmost importance to my Government. My Ministers will work urgently to facilitate talks to restore Government in Northern Ireland. My Government

will embark on an ambitious programme of domestic reform that delivers on the people’s priorities. For the first time, the National Health Service’s multi-year funding settlement, agreed earlier this year, will be in law. Steps will be taken to grow and support the National Health Service’s workforce and a new visa will qualified doctors, nurses and health professionals have fast-track entry to the United Kingdom. Hospital car parking charges will be removed for those in greatest need. My Ministers will seek cross-party on proposals for long term reform of social care. They will ensure that the social care system provides everyone with the dignity and security they deserve and that no one who needs care has to sell their home to pay for it. My ministers will continue work to reform the Mental Health Act. 13 A modern, fair, points-based system will welcome skilled workers from across the world to contribute to the United

Kingdom’s economy, communities and public services. My Government will bring forward threshold to support working families, raising the National Insurance and increasing the National Living Wage. To ensure every child has to a high-quality education my Ministers will increase levels of funding per pupil in every school. Measures will be brought forward to flexible working, to introduce the to leave for unpaid carers and to help people save for later life. New measures will be brought forward to protect tenants and to improve building safety. My Government will take steps to support home ownership, including by making homes available at a discount for local first-time buyers. My Ministers will develop legislation to improve internet safety for all. My Government is committed to a fair justice system that keeps people safe. My ministers will establish a Royal Commission to review and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the

criminal justice process. New laws will ensure the most serious violent offenders, including terrorists, serve longer in . New laws will require schools, police, councils, and health authorities to work together to serious crime. My Government will ensure those with knife possession face swift justice and that the courts work better for all those who engage with them, including victims of domestic . Legislation will be brought forward to support victims of crime and their families. Measures will be developed to hostile activity conducted by foreign states. My Ministers will bring forward measures to ensure that every part of the United Kingdom can prosper. My Government will invest in the country’s public services and infrastructure whilst keeping borrowing and debt under control; maintaining the of the public finances through a responsible fiscal strategy. My Government will prioritise

investment in infrastructure and world-leading science research and skills, in order to unleash productivity and improve daily life for communities across the country. It will give communities more control over how investment is spent so that they can decide what is best for them. To support business, my government will increase tax credits for research and development, establish a National Skills Fund, and bring forward changes to business rates. New laws will 14 accelerate the delivery of gigabit capable broadband. To ensure people can depend on the transport network, measures will be developed to provide for minimum levels of service during transport strikes. My Government will continue to take steps to meet the world-leading target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It will continue to lead the way in tackling global climate change, hosting the COP26 in 2020. To protect and improve the environment for future generations, a will enshrine in law

environmental principles and targets, including for air quality. It will also ban the export of polluting plastic waste to countries outside the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and establish a new, world-leading independent regulator in . A Constitution, Democracy and Rights Commission will be established. Work will be taken forward to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act. My Government will continue to invest in our gallant Armed Forces. My Government will honour the Armed Forces Covenant, which will be further into law, and the NATO commitment to spend at least two per cent of national income on defence. It will bring forward proposals to tackle vexatious claims that undermine our Armed Forces and will continue to seek better ways of dealing with issues that provide better outcomes for victims and survivors. My Government will work to promote and expand the United Kingdom’s influence in the

world. An Integrated Security, Defence and Foreign Policy Review will be undertaken to reassess the nation’s place in the world, covering all aspects of international policy from defence to diplomacy and development. My Ministers will promote the United Kingdom’s interests, including freedom of speech, human rights and the . My Government will work closely with international partners to help solve the most complex international security and promote peace and security globally. It will stand firm against those who the values of the United Kingdom, including by developing a sanctions regime to directly address human rights abuse, and working to ensure that all girls have access to twelve years of quality education. Members of the House of Commons Estimates for the public services will be laid before you. My Lords and Members of the House of Commons Other measures will be laid before you. I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest

upon your counsels. 15 Just for Fun Ravens Under a decree of Charles II six ravens must be kept in the Tower at all times. According to legend, if the ravens leave, both the Tower and the Kingdom will fall. Although their wings are clipped to prevent them flying away, some ravens have escaped – others have been dismissed for bad behaviour. As insurance, the Raven Master keeps chics on site in hatcheries to replace any that go missing. Whales and sturgeons Under a statute called Prerogativa Regis – ’Of the King’s Prerogative’ – or the Wreck of the Sea Act, which was signed into law in 1324 by Edward II, ’the King shall have throughout the realm, whales and great sturgeons taken in the sea or elsewhere within the realm’. In medieval times, any whale caught off the coast of England was cut into two. By custom, the head went to the King, while the tale was sent to the Queen to provide whalebone for her stays. However, in 1970 the Queen was persuaded to give up her

right to captured whales and the Law Commission sent a recommendation to Parliament that this prerogative be abolished. However, in 1971, the repeal of the 1324 law was voted down by the House of Lords, so whales still belong to the monarch – though catching them is now outlawed by international treaty. Nigel Cawthorne: The Strange Laws of Old England, Piatkus Books, 2007 Swan upping http://www.youtubecom/watch?feature=player embedded&v= KUFB mH0to0 16 Unit 1- List of Terms abolish abstain abstention accord • in accordance with accountability accountable acquisition adhere to allegiance • owe allegiance (to) ambassador amend amendment appeal appointee appointment ascend (to) assent • Royal Assent assure bill bind, bound, bound binding capital challenge colony commander-in-chief committed (to) committee conclude conclusion confer confirm conformity consensus • consensus ad idem consent constitution ige eltöröl, hatályon kívül helyez, érvénytelenít

(törvényt v. jogszabályt) ige vmi tevésétől tartózkodik, főként szavazáskor fn vminek a tevésétől való tartózkodás, főleg szavazáskor fn (a) megállapodás, egyezmény (b) összhang hsz vmi-nek megfelelően, vmi értelmében fn felelősség(re vonhatóság) mn beszámolással tartozó, felelős fn (a) szerzemény (b) vétel, vásárlás, megszerzés ige (a) tapad, ragad (b) ragaszkodik (c) kitart vmi mellett fn állampolgári, alattvalói engedelmesség, hűség ige állampolgári hűséggel tartozik (vkinek) fn nagykövet ige módosít fn (a) okirat módosítása (b) törvény(javaslat) módosítása 1 fn (a) fellebbezés (bírósági határozat esetén); (b) felülvizsgálati kérelem közigazgatási határozat esetén 2 ige fellebbez, felülvizsgálati kérelmet előterjeszt fn kinevezett fn (a) bejelentett találkozó (b) kinevezés (c) állás ige trónra lép ige beleegyezik, hozzájárul fn a törvény kihirdetéséhez szükséges formális királyi

beleegyezés ige biztosít fn törvényjavaslat ige köt vkit, kötelező vkire nézve mn kötelező fn tőke ige (a) kétségbe von, vitat (bizonyítékot) (b) kihívás fn gyarmat fn főparancsnok, fővezér mn (a) elkötelezett (b) vmilyen célra lekötött (pénz) (c) vmi mellett kiálló fn (a) bizottság (b) parlamenti bizottság ige (a) befejez (b) következtet fn következtetés ige adományoz, átruház ige állít, megerősít fn összhang fn megegyezés lat. ’ugyanabban megegyezni’, a felek tényleges megállapodása a szerződés feltételeiről 1 fn beleegyezés 2 ige egyetért, beleegyezik, hozzájárul fn (a) alkotmány (b) egyesület, klub alapszabálya 17 constitutional convene convention countersign countersignature de facto debate decoration decree deity deliberation deliberation deliver dependency descendant devolution devolve devolved dismiss dispute dissolution dissolve dominion effect • give effect (to) effective elect election • general election •

by-election encourage endorsement enshrine envoy executive exempt (from ) exemption expenditure expire forthcoming Fundamental law head of government head of state mn (a) alkotmányos (b) alkotmánynak megfelelő ige összehív fn (hallgatólagos) megállapodás ige ellenjegyez fn ellenjegyzés lat. ’ténylegesen’, a tényleges állapot (jogcím nélküli) 1 fn vita 2 ige megvitat fn kitüntetés 1 fn rendelet, ítélet 2 ige rendelkezik fn istenség fn tanácskozás, mérlegelés, megfontolás fn meggondolás, megfontolás, mérlegelés, tanácskozás ige (a) ítéletet hoz (b) beszédet mond fn (a) függőség (b) függő terület fn leszármazott, utód fn devolúció, hatáskör átruházása, alacsonyabb szintre telepítése, decentralizáció ige hatáskört átruház, alacsonyabb szintre telepít, decentralizál mn átruházott, átadott ige (a) elbocsát (b) feloszlat 1 fn vita, per, veszekedés 2 ige (a) vitat (b) megvitat fn felbontás, feloszlatás, megszűnés ige (a)

feloldódik, felolvad (b) feloszlik, feloszlat, megszüntet, felbont fn dominium; a Nemzetközösség tagja, független, önálló állam 1 fn hatás, hatály, eredmény, következmény 2 ige végrehajt, megvalósít ige (a) intézkedik (b) végrehajt (c) életbe/hatályba léptet mn tényleges, hatályos, hatékony ige választ, megválaszt fn (a) választás (b) képviselő-választás fn általános/országos választás fn időközi választás ige bátorít, ösztönöz fn jóváhagyás, hozzájárulás ige gonddal őriz fn (diplomáciai) küldött, megbízott, követ 1 mn végrehajtó, közigazgatási 2 fn (a) végrehajtó hatalom (b) ügyintéző, előadó, vezérigazgató, ügyvezető mn mentes vmilyen kötelezettség alól fn felmentés, mentesség fn kiadás, pénz felhasználása ige lejár, megszűnik mn közelgő fn (a) Alkotmány (b) alapjog fn kormányfő fn államfő 18 heir implied inherit inheritance initiate jurisdiction leak legislate legislation legislative

legislator legislature legitimacy measure National Assembly nominal oligarchy opposition outlaw outline pardon pertain (to) poll • opinion poll prerogative preside (over) pretence pretend Prime Minister Privy Council prize proclamation prorogation prorogue provision purview put forward realm recess recommend recommendation referendum (tsz referenda) reign fn örökös mn burkolt, beleértett, hallgatólagos ige örököl fn örökség ige indít, kezdeményez fn (1) hatáskör, joghatóság, illetékesség, (2) igazságszolgáltatás 1 fn kiszivárogtatás, titkos információk kiszivárogtatása 2 ige kiszivárogtat (titkos információt) ige törvényt hoz fn törvény, törvényhozás mn törvényhozási fn törvényhozó fn törvényhozó szerv fn legitimitás, jogosság 1 fn (a) mérték (b) intézkedés 2 ige megmér, vmilyen méretű fn (a) Országgyűlés (b) nemzetgyűlés mn névleges, jelképes fn (a) oligarchia, kevesek uralma, uralkodása (b) kis uralkodócsoport fn (a)

ellenzés, szembenállás (b) ellenzék, ellenzéki párt(ok) 1 fn száműzött, törvényen kívüli 2 ige törvényen kívül helyez, betilt 1 fn vázlat, áttekintés 2 ige felvázol, körvonalaz 1 fn (uralkodói vagy parlamenti) kegyelem 2 ige kegyelmet ad ige vm-re vonatkozik fn szavazás fn közvélemény kutatás fn előjog, kiváltság ige elnöki szerepet tölt be, elnököl fn látszat, színlelés, szerepjátszás ige tettet, mutat, színlel fn miniszterelnök fn Királyi Titkos Tanács. a királynő tanácsadó testülete fn díj, jutalom fn kihirdetés, proklamálás fn parlamenti ülésszak berekesztése ige parlamenti ülésszakot berekeszt fn (a) fedezet, tartalék (b) intézkedés fn jogszabály hatálya, hatáskör ige javasol, indítványoz fn (a) királyság (b) terület, tartomány fn szünet, elnapolás, ülésszakon kívüli idő ige ajánl fn ajánlás fn népszavazás 1 fn uralkodás 2 ige uralkodik 19 reveal seat seek self-appointed session Speaker

spokesman submission submit succeed (to) succession summon supersede supervise supervision terminate termination theocracy title treaty ultimate unanimity unanimous unicameral Value Added Tax (VAT) veto violate violation vote Westminster • the Palace of Westminster ige (a) felfed, feltár (b) leleplez, elárul fn (a) szék (b) képviselői hely, mandátum (c) bizottsági tagság ige (a) kér, követel (b) keres, kutat (c) megkísérel, törekszik 1 fn önjelölt 2 mn állítólagos fn ülésszak fn (a) elnök (b) házelnök fn szóvivő fn bíróság előtti kijelentés, nyilatkozat ige (a) benyújt, előterjeszt (b) állít, kijelent, nyilatkozatot tesz (c) elismer, behódol ige örököl; követ, felvált vki-t fn öröklés, jogutódlás ige behív, berendel, beidéz, összehív (parlamentet) ige (a) helyettesít, pótol (b) hatálytalanít ige felügyel, ellenőriz, felülvizsgál fn (a) felügyelet (b) ellenőrzés ige megszüntet, felmond fn megszüntetés, felmondás fn papi

uralom fn (a) cím (b) jogcím fn szerződés (államközi) egyezmény mn végső fn egyhangúlagosság, egyetértés mn egyhangú mn egykamarás (parlament) általános forgalmiadó (AFA) 1 fn vétó 2 ige (meg)vétóz ige megszeg fn megszegés, megsértés, jogsértés, szabályszegés 1 fn (a) szavazás (b) szavazat 2 ige szavaz fn London parlamenti negyede fn a Parlament épülete 20 UNIT 2 - Parliament and Legislation 1. Quiz on Parliament Do the quiz on the UK Parliament. Would you pass the UK citizenship test? Below are some true and false statements about the British political system drawn from the esolcitizenship.orguk website, which gives guidance for teachers of would-be UK citizens See how many you can identify. MP stands for member of politics. False True MPs represent a particular area of the country (a constituency) because they are elected by the people who live in that constituency (the constituents). False True Every problem a constituent takes to an MP will be

debated by everyone in the House of Commons. True False The House of Commons is one part of the Houses of Parliament. False True MPs from all the different parties meet in the House of Commons to debate issues. False True Anyone can try to become an MP. True False The prime minister is not an MP. 21 False True There are 650 MPs in the House of Commons. False True In parliament, all MPs are on the same side as the government. False True All MPs are able to oppose the government by voting against its proposed law. False True http://politics.theguardiancom/quiz/questions/0,9330,1605537,00html 2. Legislation Read the text about legislation in the UK and based on your previous studies, make a comparison with Hungarian legislation. Types of Legislation There are two main types of legislation in the UK: • Primary legislation - Acts of Parliament or Statutes • Secondary legislation - Statutory Instruments (SIs, which are often called Codes, Orders, Regulations, Rules) There are also

quasi legislation and Legislation of the European Union. Primary legislation There are two types of primary legislation: • Public General Acts - In the past decade there have been 25 to 50 new Public Acts each year. Since 1999, most Public General Acts are accompanied by Explanatory Notes, which explain in clear English what the Act sets out to 22 • achieve and place its effect in context. Local and Personal Acts - these Acts affect a particular locality, person or body. There have been less than five per year in recent times, but in the Victorian era these Acts were used in relation to boroughs, railways, canal companies and enclosed land. Personal Acts were also one important method of obtaining a divorce before it became available in the secular courts in 1857. Secondary legislation Statutory Instrument (SI) is a generic term used for Orders, Regulations, Rules, Codes etc. They are also referred to as subordinate, subsidiary or delegated legislation. They are generally

made by Goverment Ministers under powers delegated by Parliament. Quasi legislation This broad category of legislation is difficult to classify. It includes Government Circulars (often available from government web sites); Rule Books (produced by the body concerned) and Codes (Codes of Practice under Police and Criminal Evidence Act, Highway Code etc.) http://www.lawoxacuk/lrsp/overview/legislationphp#types 3. Structure of an Act 3.1 Read the text and match the names of the parts of a British Act of Parliament with the numbers inserted on the right-hand side of the Act. A typical modern Public General Act consists of the following parts: date of Royal Assent; short title; body of the Act; commencement section; year and chapter number; long title: purpose of the Act; schedule: providing information about repeals and amendments resulting from the Act; interpretation section; 1 2 3 4 23 5 6 7 24 8 3.2 What does a Hungarian Act look like? 4.

How does the House of Lords work? 4.1 Listen to the presentation and fill in the missing words http://youtu.be/ WQqRQiOt2w Most bills start in the House of Commons and after the stages are finished, the of the Bill is taken to the Lords. Reading out the is called as first reading The second reading is a . After the second reading the Bill is ready for If a lot of people with the subject, the Bill can be thrown out. At the Committee stage MPs the Bill line by line. After the Report stage the Bill is wrapped up in a . The aim of is to find a between the two Houses. After the Queen signifies the , the final copy is 4.2 Now describe the diagram about the law-making process in the UK 25 5. The Hungarian legislative process Based on the guidelines below, make a short summary about legislation in Hungary. A törvényalkotás Az Országgyűlésnek: • • •

• a köztársasági elnök a kormány minden országgyűlési bizottság bármely országgyűlési képviselő nyújthat be törvényjavaslatot A törvényjavaslatok tárgyalási menete: Tárgyalási szakaszok a plenáris ülésen Témája: általános vita vita az általános szabályozási elvekről, a törvényjavaslat egészéről, szükségességéről és céljáról részletes vita vita a benyújtott módosító javaslatokról (az ellene és mellette szóló érvek) szavazás a módosító javaslatokról szavazás az egyes módosító javaslatokról (a változásokról) záróvita és zárószavazás kodifikációs hibák kijavítása, az e célból benyújtott módosító javaslatok megvitatása, majd szavazás a módosító javaslatokról és a törvényjavaslat egészéről A törvényjavaslatok tárgyalása a bizottsági és a plenáris tárgyalás egymást váltó szakaszaiból áll. Ennek rendjét a Házszabály rögzíti Minden plenáris tárgyalási

szakaszt bizottsági előkészítés előz meg. Az Országgyűlés elnöke által kijelölt állandó bizottságok először arról döntenek, hogy a törvényjavaslat alkalmas-e az általános vitára. Az általános vita után véleményezik a képviselők által benyújtott módosító javaslatokat, majd a részletes vita után a kapcsolódó módosító javaslatokat. Ha szükségesnek tartják, a bizottságok maguk is benyújthatnak módosító javaslatokat. http://www.parlamenthu/pairhelp/ogy magyarhtm# Toc261954555 26 6. How to cite Acts 6.1 Read this useful information Cite Acts with their title (also known as short title) and year, for example, Human Rights Act 1998. Abbreviations can be used for subsequent citations of an Act: the Human Rights Act 1998 is abbreviated as HRA 1998. If referring to specific sections or parts of an Act, after the name and year, insert a comma then the relevant abbreviation and number. Some abbreviations are: pt for part; s for section; sub-s

for subsection, para for paragraphs; sch for schedule. For example, Consumer Protection Act 1987, s 2 refers to section 2 of that Act. It is also suitable to write, for example, section 11 of the Limitation Act 1980. When referring to subsections, use parentheses For example Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b) refers to subsection 1b of section 15. http://publications.europaeu/code/en/en-120000htm 6.2 When citing Hungarian Acts, what English word do you use for the symbol: §? What words are used for the other parts of the Act? Do the matching. 1.fejezet A. article 1./ 2. cikkely B. chapter 2./ 3. § C. paragraph 3./ 4. bekezdés D item/point 4/ 5. pont E. section 5./ 7. David Cameron about the House of Lords reform Listen to David Cameron’s speech delivered in June 2012. http://www.bbccouk/news/uk-politics-18602587 What is his opinion about reforms? What does the majority of the members of the House of Commons think about the issue? What is the problem about the

issue? 27 8. Q&A: House of Lords reform Read the article published on 6 August 2012 and do the exercises. The government has dropped plans to reform the House of Lords by making it mostly elected and slashing its size. But why was there so much opposition to change and what does it mean for the coalition? What is the House of Lords? Dating back to the 14th Century, it is the second chamber of Parliament, whose main job is to scrutinise and amend parliamentary bills proposed by the House of Commons before they pass into law. Who are the current members? There are 825 members, known as "peers". Most are appointed on the recommendation of the prime minister or other party leaders. This is usually along party lines, although some are non-political experts in their fields, such as eminent scientists and generals. Twenty-six peers are senior Church of England bishops. Another 92 are "hereditary" peers, the remnants of the group who once made up the entire

membership. Why did the government want to change the Lords? It argued that the current unelected chamber was undemocratic and needed to be reformed. All three parties promised at least a partly elected House of Lords in their manifestos for the 2010 general election. Deputy Prime Minister and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg led the coalition governments push to bring in the changes. http://www.bbccouk/news/uk-politics-18612233 7.1 For the translation of legal words one has to know the Hungarian legal terminology What do these words mean in the text? opposition hostility / objection scrutinise check / look closely at amend alter / remedy peers colleagues / aristocrats recommendation advice / support hereditary inherited / inherent seats chairs / places 7.2 Explain the meaning of ’manifesto’ and ’coalition’ in English 7.3 Translate the following phrases taken from the text House of Lords would gain greater legitimacy the largest such act of defiance since the coalition was

formed constitutional change should not be the governments priority Several had raised concerns could undermine the supremacy of the House of Commons Conservatives had broken the contract by not honouring the commitment to Lords reform 28 8. Situation Ön joghallgatóként részt vesz egy konferencián. Tájékoztassa angol kollégáját, aki az európai parlamentekről ír tanulmányt. 1. Angol joghallgató Érdeklődjön - Magyarország államformájáról Említse meg, hogy az Ön országában kétkamarás parlament kormányoz, és érdeklődjön a magyar parlamentről. Kérdezze meg - ki és hogyan választja a köztársasági elnököt - és a miniszterelnököt Érdeklődjön a képviselők számáról, és mondja el, hogy önöknél évtizedek óta napirenden van a képviselők számának csökkentése, de nem sikerül áttörést elérni. Kérdezze meg, melyek az Országgyűlés legfontosabb feladatai. 2. Magyar joghallgató Mondja el, hogy - Magyarország az 1989. évi

alkotmánymódosítás óta köztársaság, államformája parlamentáris demokrácia. - A törvényhozó hatalmat az egykamarás Országgyűlés gyakorolja. - A köztársasági elnököt 5 évre választja az Országgyűlés, és újraválasztható. - A miniszterelnököt a köztársasági elnök javaslata alapján szintén az Országgyűlés választja meg. - Az országgyűlési képviselők létszáma 199 fő. - A lgfontosabb feladata természetesen a törvényhozás és a kormány működésének ellenőrzése. 29 Just for fun No dying Although it is not technically against the law, no one is allowed to die in Parliament. If anyone has the misfortune to collapse with a fatal heart attack there, the body is removed before the death certificate is issued. This is because the Palace of Westminster is a royal palace and anyone dying in a royal palace is eligible for a state funeral. It is parliament’s statues as a royal palacet that allows the bars thereto stay open after hours

and permits MPs, if they choose, to play roulette in the lobbies. Nuts When the British government set up the loss-making ground-nut scheme in Africa in 1947, a law was passed which contained a paragraph that read: ’In the Nuts (underground) (other than groundnuts) Order, the expression nuts shall have reference to such nuts, other than ground-nuts, as would, but for this amending Order not qualify as nuts (underground) (other than ground-nuts) by reason of their being nuts (underground).’ Nigel Cawthorne: The Strange Laws of Old England, Piatkus Books 2007 Traditions of Parliament http://www.parliamentuk/about/how/role/traditi ons/ 30 Unit 2 - List of Terms abbreviation alter amend amendment article assent • Royal Assent bill borough chapter circular citation cite coalition code • code of practice commencement • date of commencement commitment • commitments committed constituency constituent debate delegate delegated eligible hereditary hostile hostility inherent

interpretation item legislation legitimacy legitimate manifesto oppose opposition fn rövidítés ige megváltoztat, alakít, módosít ige módosít, javít fn (a) módosítás (b) törvényjavaslat módosítás (c) US alkotmány kiegészítés fn cikkely ige beleegyezik, hozzájárul fn a törvény kihirdetéséhez szükséges formális királyi beleegyezés fn törvényjavaslat fn (a) város (b) választókerület fn fejezet 1 fn prospektus, ismertető 2 mn (kör)levél fn (a) (be)idézés (b) hivatkozás ige (a) (vmilyen testület, pl. bíróság elé) idéz, beidéz, megidéz (b) hivatkozik fn koalíció fn (a) törvénykönyv, kódex (b) egy állam törvényeinek gyűjteménye fn (a) egy törvény alkalmazásának szabályai (b) magatartási szabályzatok fn kezdet fn törvény hatályba lépésének napja fn (a) bebörtönzés (b) elkötelezettség fn kötelezettségvállalások mn elkötelezett fn (a) választókerület (b) támogatói kör fn választó, a

választókerületben élő 1 fn vita 2 ige megvitat 1 fn küldött 2 ige (a) felhatalmaz (jogkört) átruház (b) delegál mn átruházott, delegált mn választható, befogadható, jogosult mn örökölt, örökletes mn ellenséges fn ellenséges érzelem, rosszindulat mn benne rejlő, vele járó fn (a) értelmezés (b) tolmácsolás fn (a) pont (törvényben) (b) árucikk (c) adat, tétel fn törvény, törvényhozás fn törvényesség, legitimitás mn jogos, törvényes fn kiáltvány, manifesztum, programnyilatkozat ige ellenez fn (a) ellenzés, szembenállás (b) ellenzék, ellenzéki párt(ok) 31 paragraph parenthesis peer/peeress peerage • life peerage quasirecommendation repeal schedule scrutinise section statutory • statutory instrument subordinate subsequent subsidiary fn bekezdés fn zárójel fn (a) főrend, a Lordok Háza tagja (b) kortárs (sors)társ fn (a) főrendek összessége (b) tagság a Lordok Házában fn nem örökletes tagság a Lordok Házában

ekző kvázi, majdnem olyan fn ajánlás 1 fn visszavonás, hatályon kívül helyezés 2 ige visszavon, hatályon kívül helyez 1 fn (a) órarend, időbeosztás (b) toldalék, kiegészítés (c) lista, táblázat 2 ige (a) jegyzékbe, táblázatba foglal (b) beütemez ige tüzetesen átnéz fn paragrafus, szakasz mn törvényes, jogszabályban foglalt fn miniszteri rendelet, miniszter által kibocsátott jogszabály fn beosztott, alárendelt mn következő, azutáni későbbi mn mellékes, járulékos, kisegítő 32 UNIT 3 – Constitution and Citizenship 1. What is the UK Constitution? Answer the following questions: How would you define the word ’constitution’? What do you think an ’unwritten constitution’ is like? Guess why the UK has no written constitution. What is the difference between an ’unwritten’ and an ’uncodified’ constitution? Now read the text and check your answers. Constitutions organise, distribute and regulate state power. They set out the

structure of the state, the major state institutions, and the principles governing their relations with each other and with the state’s citizens. Britain is unusual in that it has an ‘unwritten’ constitution: unlike the great majority of countries there is no single legal document which sets out in one place the fundamental laws outlining how the state works. Britain’s lack of a ‘written’ constitution can be explained by its history. In other countries, many of whom have experienced revolution or regime change, it has been necessary to start from scratch or begin from first principles, constructing new state institutions and defining in detail their relations with each other and their citizens. By contrast, the British Constitution has evolved over a long period of time, reflecting the relative stability of the British polity. It has never been thought necessary to consolidate the basic building blocks of this order in Britain. What Britain has instead is an accumulation of

various statutes, conventions, judicial decisions and treaties which collectively can be referred to as the British Constitution. It is thus more accurate to refer to Britain’s constitution as an ‘uncodified’ constitution, rather than an ‘unwritten’ one. http://www.uclacuk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution 2. The sources of the British constitution Read the text and make a list about the sources of the British constitution. The following words are taken from the text. Match them with their definitions 33 1. derived a) nearer to the end of a period of time 2. statutes b) annulled or rescinded officially 3. regulate c) sg that can be changed in order to make it better 4. accession d) acts of parliament 5. subject to e) joining a treaty or organization 6. authorities f) people, groups or government departments that have the power to make official decisions 7. amendable g) systematically collected and written down 8. latter h) depending on sg as a

condition 9. abolition i) control sg by using laws 10. codified j) putting an end to a system officially 11. repealed k) had sg as its origin The British Constitution is derived from a number of sources. Statutes are laws passed by Parliament and are generally the highest form of law. Conventions are unwritten practices which have developed over time and regulate the business of governing. Common law is law developed by the courts and judges through cases. The UK’s accession to the European Communities Act 1972 has meant that European law is increasingly impacting on the British Constitution. The UK is also subject to international law Finally, because the British Constitution cannot be found in any single document, politicians and lawyers have relied on constitutional authorities to locate and understand the constitution. An uncodified constitution creates two problems. First, it makes it difficult to know what the state of the constitution actually is. Second, it suggests

that it is easier to make changes to the UK Constitution than in countries with written constitutions, because the latter have documents with a ‘higher law’ status against which ordinary statute law and government 34 action can be tested, and are only amendable via elaborate procedures. The flexibility of the UK constitution is evident from the large number of constitutional reforms since 1997, including the abolition of the majority of hereditary peers in the House of Lords, the introduction of codified rights of individuals for the the first time in the Human Rights Act 1998, and devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Arguably, however, these recent constitutional reforms may have made the constitution less flexible in some respects: it is debatable, for instance, whether the devolution settlements could ever be repealed . http://www.uclacuk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution 3. The principles of the British constitution Find the fundamental principles of

the British Constitution in the text. Choose one of them, and give a short presentation about it in class. It has been suggested that the British Constitution can be summed up in eight words: What the Queen in Parliament enacts is law. This means that Parliament, using the power of the Crown, enacts law which no other body can challenge. Parliamentary sovereignty is commonly regarded as the defining principle of the British Constitution. This is the ultimate lawmaking power vested in a democratically elected Parliament to create or abolish any law. Other core principles of the British Constitution are often thought to include the rule of law, the separation of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and the existence of a unitary state, meaning ultimate power is held by ‘the centre’ – the sovereign Westminster Parliament. http://www.uclacuk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitution 4. The British Constitution Listen to the gentleman speaking about the

British Constitution. Fill in the the table with the information about the basic Acts he refers to, and find information about documents, which form part of the British Constitution. http://www.youtubecom/watch?v=KGdZ5t13l1w Document Year Magna Charta Petition of Rights Habeas Corpus Act 1679 1689 1689 Act of Settlement 35 1701 1707 Parliamentary Act 1911 Crown proceedings Act 1947 5. What is the difference between a written and an unwritten (uncodified) constitution? The following statements are characteristic features of either written or unwritten constitutions. Put them in the right column 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. found in one or more than one legal documents duly enacted in the form of laws generally the result of historical development never made by a representative constituent assembly at a definite stage of history not promulgated on a particular date precise, definite and systematic the result of the conscious and deliberate efforts of the people major principles

and key constitutional provisions are entrenched consists of customs, conventions, traditions, and some written laws bearing different dates 9. unsystematic, indefinite and un-precise 10. the power of the legislature is not constrained 11. framed by a representative body duly elected by the people 12. generally rigid and may therefore be less responsive and adaptable 13. a procedure separate from that of enacting ordinary law is provided for its amendment or revision 14. constitutional documents are inevitably biased because they endorse one set of values or principles over another 15. individual liberty is less securely protected 16. promulgated on a specific date in history 17. most of the principles of the government have never been enacted in the form of laws 18. most of the principles of the government have never been enacted in the form of laws Written constitutions Unwritten constitutions 36 6. Constitutional conventions: definitions 6.1 Based on the definitions sum up in

one sentence, what ’constitutional convention’ means Practices relating to the exercise of their functions by the Crown, the government, Parliament, and the judiciary that are not legally enforceable but are commonly followed as if they were. Oxford Dictionary of Law, OUP, 1997 AV Dicey: "conventions, understandings, habits or practices which, though they may regulate the conduct of the several members of the sovereign powerare not really laws at all since they are not enforced by the courts. This portion of constitutional law may, for the sake of distinction, be termed the conventions of the constitution, or constitutional morality" Fenwick: "Conventions may be roughly defined as non-legal, generally agreed rules about how government should be conducted and, in particular, governing the relations between different organs of government" http://www.lawteachernet/constitutional-law/essays/constitutional-conventions-obligationphp 6.2 Some examples The (Crown)

Queen can legally declare war and peace; dissolve parliament at any time; refuse to assent to bills; appoint new ministers of her choice. In practice, within the modern constitution, the Queen’s ability to do any of these things is severely restricted. Her Majesty will exercise her legal powers in the majority of cases on the advice of the ministers. Again she must usually assent to bills. The choice of Prime Minister is restricted to that person who can command a majority in the House of Commons. Obviously, if there was no clear-cut candidate, then the Queen’s power would be much stronger. The Queen must appoint ministers of the Prime Ministerʹs choosing and they must be members of one of the Houses of Parliament or quickly become one. Parliament must be summoned at least once a year. The government can continue to be in office while it commands a majority of the House. http://www.nadrcouk/articles/published/ConstitutionalLaw/Chapter005Conventionspdf 7. Translation Sentences

used in legal texts are often long and complex. Divide the following sentences into clauses for better understanding. The theory that the collective responsibility of the government is subject to the control of Parliament is not significant since the government usually controls a majority of the House in any case - though it can be seen that when the government is heavy handed and commands a large majority, a back bench revolt is possible and may force the government to change its policies. Ministers are also individually responsible to Parliament for their actions, for conduct unbecoming of a minister, as exemplified by the resignations of Cecil Parkinson and Douglas Fairbourne, and are also responsible for the conduct of their Departments as with the 37 resignations of Sir Thomas Dougdale over the Critchell Down Affair and more recently Estelle Morris, Minister for Education over the A-Level marking fiasco. 8. Hungary 8.1 Find the missing words and expressions in the text below

and complete the following sentences. In relation to the Hungarian Constitution two important have been made. The National Assembly is a legislative body, the members of which are for four years. The laws are by the President, the Government or even by Committes or members of Parliament. The ensures the of new laws and in case of any doubt about the of the law he may it to the Constitutional Court. 8.2 Explain the following words taken from the text: unicameral proportional Speaker referendum binding The Republic of Hungary is a parliamentary republic and unitary

state divided into 19 counties. The Constitution is the supreme law in Hungary. The 1949 Constitution was revised several times among which the most important amendments were added in 1989 and in 1997. The revision of October 1989 granted legal rights for individuals, constitutional checks on the authority of the Prime Minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight. In 1997, an amendment, which streamlined the judicial system was added. Other sources of Hungarian law are the Acts of Parliament, international agreements, governmental and ministerial decrees and decrees of local governments. The legislative power is exercised by a unicameral National Assembly. The members of the Assembly are elected for a four-year term by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation. The Parliament has an extensive power over the government Legislative procedure: The Parliament enacts laws with a majority of the votes of the Members of Parliament present.

Legislation may be initiated by the President, the Government, all Parliamentary Committees, and individual members of Parliament. The President ensures promulgation of the law within a period of fifteen days, or within a period of five days if upon the request of the Speaker of Parliament. If the President disagrees with a law or with any provision of a law, prior to promulgation, he/she may refer the law, with comments, to the Parliament for reconsideration. The President of the Republic is required to sign and promulgate the law, if the Parliament adopted it in the second reading. If the President has reservations about the constitutionality of any provision of a law, he/she may 38 refer the law to the Constitutional Court for review prior to promulgation. Should the Constitutional Court determine the law to be unconstitutional, the President refers the law to the Parliament for revision. The President of the Republic signs the law subject to national referendum if the law is

confirmed by a national referendum. Executive power in Hungary is vested in the Prime Minister and the government. The National Assembly elects the President for a five-year term for a maximum of two successive terms. The government consists of the Prime Minister and the ministers. The Prime Minister is elected by a simple majority vote of all the members of Parliament. The ministers are proposed by the Prime Minister, and appointed and relieved of their duties by the President. Judicial system in Hungary consists of three tiers: the Supreme Court, the Court of the Capital City and the county (municipal) courts and local (municipal district) courts. The areas of jurisdiction include criminal, civil and administrative law. Common courts deal with administrative judgements. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ. Supreme Court ensures the uniformity in application of law by the courts. It sets guidelines based on principles for the judicial work of every court. The directives

and decisions in questions of principle of the Supreme Court are binding for all courts of the country. Based on: http://www.legislationlineorg/countries/country/25# 8.2 The Constitutional Court of Hungary Put the words into the text. appointed, judges, review, elect, judicial, majority, appeal, order, statutes, seat, budget, serves The Constitutional Court of Hungary is a special institution of Hungary, making judicial of the acts of the Parliament of Hungary. The official of the Constitutional Court is Budapest. Since 1 September 2011, the Constitutional Court is composed of 15 . The Parliament will with a two-third of the Members of Parliament a President, with a mandate that lasts until the term of the judge’s mandate. One or two VicePresidents, by the President of the Court, stand in for the President in the event of his absence for any reason. The Constitutional court makes decisions on the

constitutionality of laws, and there is no right of against these decisions. The Constitutional Court as the main body for the protection of the Fundamental Law, its tasks being the review of the constitutionality of , and the protection of constitutional and fundamental rights guaranteed by the Fundamental Law. The Constitutional Court performs its tasks independently With its own and its judges being elected by Parliament it does not constitute a part of the ordinary system. 39 8.3 Constitutional Court Translate the summary of the decision of the Constitutional Court into English. 2014.0116 AB határozat alkotmányjogi panasz visszautasításáról (IV/2623/2013) Az Alkotmánybíróság január 14-én visszautasította a sportról szóló 2004. évi I törvény 59. § (8) bekezdése alaptörvény-ellenességének megállapítására és megsemmisítésére irányuló alkotmányjogi panaszt. A

támadott – 2010 január 1jével beiktatott és 2012 január 1-jével módosított – rendelkezés alapján nem részesül olimpiai járadékban, aki büntetett előéletű, illetve akivel szemben a bíróság bűncselekmény elkövetése miatt próbára bocsátást alkalmazott a próbaidő, illetve a meghosszabbított próbaidő alatt. Az indítványozó előadta, hogy a Budapesti II. és III Kerületi Bíróság 2007 január 18-án jogerőre emelkedett ítéletében bűnösnek találta garázdaság vétségében és egy évre próbára bocsátotta. Az illetékes szakállamtitkár az olimpiai járandóságát megvonta. Az indítványozó szerint a támadott rendelkezés visszaható hatállyal állapít meg kötelezettséget, ami ellentétes a jogalkotásról szóló 2010. évi CXXX törvény 2 § (2) bekezdésével, valamint a sérti az Alaptörvény B) cikk (1) bekezdését is. Az Alkotmánybíróság vizsgálata keretében észlelte, hogy az olimpiai járadékhoz való jog a

sporttörvény által biztosított jog, amely sem alapvető jognak, sem az Alaptörvényben biztosított egyéb, nem alapvető jognak nem minősül. Ebből következően az olimpiai járadékhoz való jog nem áll alkotmányjogi panasz keretében érvényesíthető alaptörvényi védelem alatt, így az Alkotmánybíróság az indítvány visszaható hatállyal kapcsolatos érvelésének és a sérelmezett jogszabály alkotmányosságának vizsgálatába nem bocsátkozhatott. A végzéshez Bragyova András, Kiss László, Kovács Péter, Lévay Miklós, Stumpf István és Szalay Péter alkotmánybírók különvéleményt csatoltak. http://www.mkabhu/ 8.4 Case summary Based on the following guidelines, make a summary of the case below: • • • • • • • • A panasz A „csendes wellness” kifejezés jelentése A panasz tárgya A hatóság eljárása A szálloda védekezése Az alkalmazott törvény Az arányossági teszt A hatóság döntése és a döntés indoklása 40

EGYENLŐ BÁNÁSMÓD HATÓSÁG A kérelmező hatósághoz intézett beadványában a bepanaszolt szálloda ún. „csendes wellness”szolgáltatásával összefüggésben tett panaszt. A kérelmező álláspontja szerint az ún „csendeswellness” szolgáltatási módszer (a bepanaszolt hotel újonnan kialakított medenceterében található „csendes wellness” részlegben 7 és 9, valamint 17 és 21 óra között csak 14 éven felüliek tartózkodhatnak) alkalmazásával a szóban forgó szálloda ott tartózkodásuk alatt 3 és fél éves kislányával szemben életkora alapján megsértette az egyenlő bánásmód követelményét. A hatóság a kérelemben foglaltak alapján közigazgatási eljárást indított a bepanaszolt szállodával szemben, egyben az eljárás alá vont képviselőjét nyilatkozattételre hívta fel. Az eljárás alá vont képviselője írásban előadta, hogy az ún. „csendes wellnesst” évtizedes nemzetközi és hazai szállodai

szolgáltatások mintájára alakították ki a szállodában. Az eljárás alá vont képviselője a hatóság elé terjesztett érdemi védekezésében kifejtette, hogy a „csendes wellness” „csendessége” alatt (azaz 7 és 9, valamint 17 és 21 óra között) a hotel 14 év alatti vendégei a 10 méteres feszített víztükrű medencét, a száraz és nedves szaunát, a jakuzzit, a beltéri merülő- és taposómedencét, valamint a kondicionáló termet használhatják. Ezen felül a szállodában kialakított új medencetér 9 és 17 óra között épp úgy használható a fiatalabb korosztály, mint a 14 éven felüliek számára. A hatóság álláspontja szerint a kérelmezőnek és gyermekének hátrányt okozott az eljárás alá vont ún.„csendes wellness” szolgáltatási módszere, miszerint a szálloda új medenceterében kialakított „csendes wellness” részlegben 7 és 9, valamint 17 és 21 óra között csak 14 éven felüliek tartózkodhatnak. Az

eljárás alá vont e gyakorlatát a hatóság az egyenlő bánásmódról és az esélyegyenlőség előmozdításáról szóló 2003. évi CXXV törvény (Ebktv) 7 § (2) bekezdésének b) pontja alapján arányossági tesztnek vetette alá. E teszt alapján, tekintettel arra, hogy a kérelmezőnek és kislányának 9 és 17 óra között lehetősége volt az új medencetérben való fürdésre, 7 és 9, valamint 17 és 21 óra között pedig a szálloda egyéb wellness szolgáltatásainak igénybevételére és minderről a szállodai szolgáltatás igénybevételét megelőzően a kérelmező az eljárás alá vont weboldaláról információval rendelkezett, a hatóság megállapította, hogy az eljárás alá vont „csendes wellness” szolgáltatási módszere a kérelmező oldalán nem keletkeztetett aránytalan sérelmet. Vagyis, az eljárás alá vont az Ebktv. 7 § (2) bekezdésének b) pontja szerint járt el, így intézkedése nem sértette az egyenlő bánásmód

követelményét. Ezért a hatóság a kérelmet elutasította http://www.egyenlobanasmodhu/jogesetek/hu/199-2013pdf#page=1&zoom=auto,0,648 9. Migration People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political or environmental: • • • • economic migration - moving to find work or follow a particular career path social migration - moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends political migration - moving to escape political persecution or war environmental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding 41 Some people choose to migrate, eg someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, eg someone who moves due to war or famine. 9.1 Watch the folowing video and decide which of these reasons are mentioned by the migrants. https://www.youtubecom/watch?v=BaUZUfCDYig 9.2 Analyse the diagram 10. Citizenship Read

the following inormative text and do the exercises. How to become a Hungarian national Foreigners legally resident in Hungary for a certain amount of time – depending on their status - can file an application to become a citizen. Different factors are taken into account for eligibility for nationalization in Hungary. The application for the Hungarian citizenship has to be submitted in person to the Registrar at Local Council (Anyakönyvvezető). An individual living outside of Hungary is required to submit an application to in the Hungarian Consulate in their country of residence. What are the requirements? Valid Immigration Card Clean criminal record Certificate of a legal, valid accommodation 42 Exam on constitutional fundamentals (citizenship exam); this exam has to be taken in Hungarian language When can you apply for citizenship? You can normally make an application for Hungarian citizenship once you have completed 8 years of continuous residence in Hungary. There are

exceptions to this minimum limit in the following circumstances: If you were born in Hungary, you can apply for citizenship after 5 years of continuous residence. If you are married to a Hungarian citizen and/or are the parent of child who is Hungarian and is a minor and/or hold refugee status, you can make a Citizenship application after 3 years of continuous residence in the country. If you profess yourself to be Hungarian and can verify your ancestors were Hungarian citizens. In this case, you can apply for Hungarian citizenship right after you received the Immigration Card. The President of Hungary approves a certificate of naturalization or a certificate of repatriation. This deed acts as a legal document for the acquisition of Hungarian citizenship At the end of the naturalization process the applicant swears a citizenship oath and becomes a Hungarian citizen. 1. Keresse meg a szövegben az alábbi meghatározások 1-3 szavas megfelelőjét! 1. address/domicile

2. certificate on not having committed an offence 3. a person who is not legally an adult 4. sy who is forced to leave a country 5. making sy the citizen of a country 2. A szöveg alapján karikázza be az egyedüli helyes válasz betűjelét! 1. If you apply for Hungarian citizenship, A. you can do it personally at the Registrar at Local Council B. file it to the President of Hungary C. you can send your application to the Registrar at Local Council 2. If you live abroad, you can submit your application for citizenship to A. the President of Hungary B. to the Hungarian Consulate of the country where you live C. to the Registrar at Local Council 3. You have to provide A. your Health Insurance card B. a certificate of valid address C. your birth certificate 43 4. You can apply for Hungarian citizenship A. after 5 years continuous residence, if you were born in

Hungary B. after 3 years if you have Hungarian ancestors C. if you are a Hungarian national 5. The certificate of naturalization is approved by A. the Hungarian Consulate B. the Registrar at Local Council C. the President of Hungary 44 Just for fun David Cameron and the British citizenship test http://youtu.be/5UsEL639vcQ A Frenchman, a German, an Irishman and an Englishman A Frenchman, a German, an Irishman and an Englishman are talking together after some rigorous exercise. Im so tired and thirsty, moaned the Frenchman, I think I must have a glass of wine. Im so tired and thirsty, responded the German, I think I must have a beer. Im so tired and thirsty, murmured the Irishman, I think I must have a Guinness. Im so tired and thirsty, muttered the Englishman, I think I must have diabetes. Nationality stereotypes In order to understand what a nationality stereotype is, watch the video. https://www.youtubecom/watch?v=7DqvweTYTI0 45 Unit 3 - List of Terms abolish abolition

acceede accession accumulation acquisition adapt adaptable amend amendable amendment ancestor annul appoint appointment ascendant assembly assent • Royal Assent backbencher biased binding citizen citizenship conduct consolidate constrain constrained convention criminal record • clean/no criminal record deed deliberate deliberation derive devolution devolve directive disaster dissent ige eltöröl, hatályon kívül helyez, érvénytelenít (törvényt v. jogszabályt) fn eltörlés, hatályon kívül helyezés ige (a) csatlakozik vmi-hez (b) trónra lép fn csatlakozás vmi-hez fn vminek a hozzáadással növelése fn megszerzés, beszerzés ige (a) alkalmassá tesz (b) átalakít, átdolgoz (c) alkalmazkodik mn (a) alkalmazható (b) hozzáillő, rugalmas ige módosít, javít mn módosítható, javítható fn (a) módosítás (b) törvényjavaslat módosítás (c) US alkotmány kiegészítés fn felmenő, előd ige megsemmisít, érvénytelenít (törvényt, házasságot) ige

kinevez fn (a) bejelentett találkozó (b) kinevezés (c) állás fn ős, felmenő ági rokon fn (a) gyülekezés (b) gyűlés, közgyűlés ige beleegyezik, hozzájárul fn a törvény kihirdetéséhez szükséges formális királyi beleegyezés fn nem kormánytag, az árnyékkormány tagja mn elfogult, részrehajló mn kötelező fn (a) városlakó, városi polgár (b) állampolgár fn állampolgárság 1 fn magatartás 2 ige vezet, levezet ige (a) egységesít, jogszabályokat egységes szerkezetbe foglal (b) peres ügyeket egyesít ige korlátoz, kényszerít mn erőltetett, mesterkélt, nem természetes fn (hallgatólagos) megállapodás fn bűnügyi nyilvántartás fn büntetlen előélet fn okirat, közjegyzői okirat 1 mn szándékos, önhatalmú 2 ige megfontol, tanácskozik fn mérlegelés ige (a) származtat (b) szerez, nyer fn hatáskör átruházása, alacsonyabb szintre telepítése fn hatáskört átruház, alacsonyabb szintre telepít fn irányelv fn katasztrófa, vész

1 fn egyet nem értés 2 ige ellenvéleményen van 46 dissolution dissolve distribute domicile duly eligibility eligible enactment endorse enforce enforceable enhance ensure entrench entrenched evident evolve executive famine immigration • immigration card (residence permit) impact initiate judicial latter legislative migrate migration minor national naturalization oath peer • hereditary peer • life peer peeress persecution polity principle prior (to) promulgate fn feloszlatás, megszüntetés, felbontás ige feloszlat, megszüntet, felbont ige szétoszt, feloszt 1 fn állandó lakhely, székhely 2 ige lakik vhol (állandó jelleggel) hsz (a) megfelelően, kellően, szabályosan (b) rendben, kellő időben fn választhatóság mn választható, befogadható fn (a) törvényalkotás (b) törvény ige (a) hozzájárul, jóváhagy (b) jogosítványba közlekedési szabálysértés elkövetésének tényét bejegyzi (c) hátirattal ellát ige (a) kierőszakol, kikényszerít (b)

érvényre juttat (c) érvényesít (jogot, követelést) mn kikényszeríthető, végrehajtható ige fokoz, növel ige biztosít ige megerősít, megszilárdít, írásban lefektet mn változtathatatlan mn nyilvánvaló, világos, magától értetődő ige kibontakozik, kialakul, kifejlődik 1 mn végrehajtó, közigazgatási 2 fn (a) végrehajtó hatalom (b) ügyintéző, előadó, vezérigazgató, ügyvezető fn éhínség, ínség fn bevándorlás fn letelepedési engedély 1 fn (a) ütközés, becsapódás (b) hatás, befolyás 2 ige hatással van vmire, vkire ige indít, kezdeményez mn bírói, bírósági mn későbbi, utóbbi mn törvényhozási ige vándorol, költözik, emigrál fn (a) költözés (b) kivándorlás (c) bevándorlás 1 fn kiskorú személy 2 mn kicsi, jelentéktelen 1 fn belföldi, állampolgár, honos 2 mn nemzeti fn honosítás, állampolgárság megszerzése fn eskü fn (a) főrend, a Lordok Háza tagja (b) kortárs, (sors)tars fn örökletes főrendi tag

a Lordok Házában fn a Lordok Házának kinevezett, de nem örökletes tagja fn a Lordok Háza női tagja, főrend felesége fn üldözés (politikai, vallási alapon) fn (a) államigazgatás (b) közösség, államközösség fn (alap)elv hsz vmi-t megelőzően ige kihirdet, közhírré tesz 47 promulgation proportional (to) provision reconsideration referendum refugee regime • regime change registrar regulate regulation • regulations rely (on) repatriate repatriation rescind rescision reside resident revolt revolution scrutinise sovereign sovereignty Speaker subject (to) submission submit swear, swore, sworn (in) • swear an oath treaty unbecoming unicameral unlike valid verify vest (in) fn (a) kihirdetés (b) hatályba léptetés mn arányos vmivel fn rendelkezés, intézkedés fn felülvizsgálat, ismételt megfontolás, átgondolás fn népszavazás fn (politikai) menekült fn (a) kormányforma (b) uralom, rezsim, kormányrendszer fn rendszerváltozás fn (a)

anyakönyvvezető (b) iktató, hivatalos jegyzéket vezető személy ige szabályoz fn szabályozás, igazítás, beállítás fn szabályok, szabályzat ige megbízik vkiben, támaszkodik vkire ige hazatelepít, visszahonosít fn hazatelepítés, repatriálás ige megsemmisít, érvénytelenít fn megsemmisítés, érvénytelenítés ige lakik, tartózkodik, lakóhellyel rendelkezik fn (a) állandó lakos, lakóhellyel rendelkező, letelepedett (b) rezidens, meghatalmazott képviselő, ügyvivő 1 fn felkelés, lázadás, zendülés 2 ige felkel, lázad fn forradalom ige tüzetesen megvizsgál, ellenőriz 1 fn szuverén, felség 2 mn szuverén, független fn szuverenitás, felségjog, felségterület, korlátlan hatalom fn házelnök 1 mn (a) vmitől függő, vminek tárgya (b) kitett, vmi alá eső 2 ige vminek alávet, kitesz vkit fn (a) beadvány (b) bíróság előtt tett kijelentés, nyilatkozat ige (a) benyújt, előterjeszt (b) állít, kijelent, nyilatkozatot tesz (c) elismer,

behódol ige felesküszik, esküt tesz vmire ige esküt letesz, esküszik fn szerződés (államközi) egyezmény mn nem megfelelő, érdemtelen mn egykamarás (parlament) 1 mn különböző, eltérő, más 2 hsz nem úgy, mint, ellentétben mn érvényes ige (a) ellenőriz, megvizsgál (b) bizonyít, bebizonyít ige felruház, ráruház, rábíz 48 Unit 4 Elections and Political Parties 1. Electoral systems Choose one of these word clouds and make sure you understand the words it contains. Then pair up with a student who has chosen the other cloud and explain five of your words in English. Your partner will have to find these words in your cloud. Then change roles. http://www.seomrarangacom/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/election wordle-300x158jpg http://www.abcnetau/news/2014-07-31/promise-tracker-other-responses-word-cloud/5635926 49 2. Electoral Systems 2.1 Based on the information provided in the text below, fill in the following table System type other names used who

wins way/method of ballot examples Electoral system Plurality systems Majority systems Proportional representation • Party list sytems • Single transferable vote A country’s electoral system is the method used to calculate the number of elected positions in government that individuals and parties are awarded after elections. In other words, it is the way that votes are translated into seats in parliament or in other areas of government. There are many different types of electoral systems in use around the world, and even within individual countries, different electoral systems may be found in different regions and at different levels of government (e.g for elections to school boards, city councils, state legislatures, governorships, etc.) Electoral systems can be divided into three general types: 1. Plurality electoral systems Also called “first-past-the-post” or “winner-take-all” systems, plurality systems simply award a seat to the individual candidate who

receives the most votes in an election. The candidate need not get a majority (50%+) of the vote to win; so long as he has a larger number of votes than all other candidates, he is declared the winner. Plurality systems normally depend on single-member constituencies, and allow voters to indicate only one vote on their ballot (by pulling a single lever, punching a hole in the ballot, making an X, etc.) Plurality electoral systems also tend to encourage the growth of relatively stable political systems dominated by two major parties. Such an electoral system, though, clearly does not represent the interests of all (or even most) voters. In fact, since a candidate need have only a plurality of votes to be elected, most voters may actually have voted against the winner (although their votes are split among several candidates). 50 Elections for the House and Senate in the United States and for the House of Commons in the United Kingdom use the plurality system. 2. Majority electoral

systems Also called “second ballot” systems, majority electoral systems attempt to provide for a greater degree of representativeness by requiring that candidates achieve a majority of votes in order to win. “Majority” is normally defined as 50%-plus-one-vote If no candidate gets a majority of votes, then a second round of voting is held (often a week or so after the initial ballot). In the second round of voting, only a select number of candidates from the first round are allowed to participate. In some countries, such as Russia, the top two vote-getters in the first round move on to the second round. In other countries, such as France, all candidates with a minimum threshold percentage of votes (in the French case, 12.5% of all registered voters) move on to the second round Like plurality systems, majority systems usually rely on single-member constituencies, and allow voters to indicate only one preference on their ballot. Presidential elections in Austria, Finland,

Portugal, Russia and other east European states, as well as presidential and National Assembly elections in France, make use of various forms of majority electoral systems 3. Proportional representation Also known as “PR”, proportional representation is the general name for a class of voting systems that attempt to make the percentage of offices awarded to candidates reflect as closely as possible the percentage of votes that they received in the election. It is the most widely used set of electoral systems in the world, and its variants can be found at some level of government in almost every country. The most straightforward version of PR is simply to award a party the same percentage of seats in parliament as it gets votes at the polls. Thus, if a party won 40% of the vote it would receive 40% of the seats. However, there are clear problems with such a system: Should parties that receive only 0.001% of the vote also be represented? What happens if the voting percentages do not

translate evenly into seats? How do you award a party 19.5 seats if it got 19.5% of the vote? More sophisticated PR systems attempt to get around these problems. Two of the most widely used are discussed below Party list sytems Under party list forms of PR, voters normally vote for parties rather than for individual candidates. Under a closed party list system the parties themselves determine who will fill the seats that they have been allocated; voters vote only for a particular party, and then it is up to the party to decide which party members will actually serve as representatives. Legislative elections in Israel and Germany are conducted according to such a system. Under an open party list system, voters are given some degree of choice among individual candidates, in addition to voting for entire parties. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Luxembourg and Switzerland all have versions of open party list systems. Under all party list systems, though, one still needs some method for allocating

seats to individual parties. One commonly used method is named for the nineteenth-century Belgian mathematician Victor d’Hondt, and is normally referred to as a “highest average method using the d’Hondt formula.” One other feature of party list systems is called the vote threshold. Party list systems normally establish by law an arbitrary percentage of the vote that parties have to pass 51 before they can be considered in the allocation of seats. The figure ranges from 067% in the Netherlands to 5% in Germany and Russia, or even more. Any party that does not reach the threshold is excluded from the calculation of seats. Single transferable vote (STV) STV is another important form of proportional representation. In various forms, it is used widely in many countries, although only Ireland, Australia, and Malta have used it in major national elections. Under STV, voters vote for individuals, not for parties as in the party list system. The key feature of STV is that

individual voters rank candidates according to their 1st, 2nd, 3rd choices. Rather than simply voting for a single candidate, voters have the opportunity to express a range of preferences for several candidates on the ballot. Like party list systems, though, STV depends on having multi-member constituencies. Based on: https://faculty.georgetownedu/kingch/Electoral Systemshtm 2.2 Watch this video: https://www.youtubecom/watch?v=R58tIPhRYI0&index=6&list=PLCD92C4BE0CAED481 explaining New Zealanders how different electoral systems work. Then classify the systems described by placing them in the relevant box of the chart below. Proportional Representation Mixed systems Majoritarian systems 2.3 Collect the advantages and disadvantages of the systems referred to above 2.4 There are a number of sources you can learn legal English from, one of them being the Internet. Below you can find an external webpage containing a module designed to help nonnative speakers of English to enlarge

their vocabulary associated with elections https://www.bbccom/news/election-2015-32613441 3. Hungary’s New Electoral System Read the text below and put in the missing words from the table. 52 candidates allocated mixed system spokesperson elected simple plurality minorities surplus threshold voters remainder votes party lists signatures (Alan Renwick) Perhaps the most eye-catching element of the new electoral law is a sharp reduction in the number of deputies, from 386 to 199. Beyond this, many of the fundamentals remain the same: the system is still, as it was, a , comprising both singlemember districts and . Under the previous system, deputies were in three tiers: in single-member districts (SMDs), in regional multi-member districts, and in a nationwide district. had two votes, at the SMD and regional levels. The 176 single-member districts used a tworound system: a candidate could win in the first round only if she or

he secured an absolute majority of the votes cast.The regional list elections were entirely separate from the SMD tier: here, up to 152 seats were to party lists (which were entirely closed) in proportion to the regional votes.The Hagenbach-Bischoff quota was used for this allocation, subject to a 5 per cent national . The system’s compensatory component came, finally, at the national tier. The votes counted here were, first, all those votes cast in SMDs for candidates who were not elected and, second, from the regional tier. The same 5 per cent threshold applied as for the regional tier. At least 58 seats were available for allocation at the national level, to which were added any seats not allocated in the regions. The d’Hondt formula was used to allocate seats among the parties. The new system is somewhat simpler than this. There are now only two tiers: 106 seats are filled in single-member districts and 93 are elected from national

lists. Furthermore, the SMD seats are now filled in one round, using , rather than two. Voters still have two votes: for a candidate in an SMD and for a national party list. Perhaps the most complex – and certainly the most unusual – aspect of the new system concerns the allocation of seats at the national tier. In large part, the principles underlying the old regional and national tiers are combined. Thus, the votes cast for party lists are counted, and to these the “unused” votes from the SMDs are added. This time, however, the “unused” votes include not only the votes cast for unsuccessful , but also all those votes cast for winning candidates that were not needed to secure those candidates’ election. That is, one vote is added to the number of votes won by the second placed candidate in each SMD, this is subtracted from the votes secured by the winning candidate, and the votes 53 remaining are then transferred, along with all the

losing candidates’ votes, to the national tier. Seats are then allocated to parties using the d’Hondt formula. Lists remain closed Overall, the compensatory element in the new system is weaker than that in the old. That is partly because the single-member districts now comprise 53 per cent of all the seats in Parliament, compared with 46 per cent before, and partly because of the inclusion of winners’ votes at the national tier. Three other features of the new electoral law are also worthy of note. First, the franchise is extended for the first time to Hungarian citizens who do not have a place of permanent residence in Hungary. Many of these are Hungarian speakers living in the former Hungarian territories that were lost when Hungary was reduced in size in the wake of World War I. Second, special provisions are made for the first time for national living within Hungary’s borders. A national minority can gain a seat from the list tier of the system if

it secures a little less than 0.27 per cent of all the list votes cast nationally Minorities that do not reach this threshold will still be entitled to a non-voting parliamentary . Third, the conditions for candidacy and for putting up a party list are also changed. Previously, it was necessary to gather 750 in order to run as an SMD candidate. The signature threshold was raised to 1,000 Under the old system, a party could stand a regional list if it ran candidates in at least a quarter (and at least two) of that region’s SMDs, and it could stand a national list if it ran lists in at least seven regions. This meant, in effect, that, in order to run a national list, a party needed at least fourteen SMD candidates, backed by at least 10,500 signatures, spread across at least seven regions. Now a party can run a national list if it has at least 27 SMD candidates across at least nine regions – requiring at least 27,000 signatures. This clearly raises the

hurdles to running a national list On the other hand, now voters can support a party with their list vote even if that party had no SMD candidates within the region, whereas previously a party could win list votes only in those regions where it also had the required number of SMD candidates. So the barrier to gathering votes nationwide for your national list is lower. 54 4. Who is eligible to vote? 4.1 Read the extract below and compare the conditions of eligibility to vote with the Hungarian requirements. Every British citizen aged eighteen years or over who is not serving a sentence of imprisonment and is not a peer is eligible to be placed on the electoral register in a constituency (Representation of the People Act 1983). Normally this involves residence in the constituency on a certain day (10 October) but members of the armed forces and now British citizens who live abroad but have been registered within the previous five years can be entered on the register (Representation

of the People Act 1985). At the moment, there are 650 constituencies, the boundaries being drawn by impartial Boundary Commissions whose recommendations need the approval of both Houses of Parliament (Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986). From Ganz: Understanding Public Law. Sweet and Maxwell, 1994 4.2 Translate the extract on who is eligible to become a MP, from the Fundamental Law of Hungary. Pay attention to the information provided below In a parliamentary democracy members of parliament (abbreviated to MPs), or at least a part of them are elected at a general election, or at a by-election following the death or retirement of an MP. Under Article 2 (1) of the Fundamental Law of Hungary, Members of Parliament shall be elected by the constituents by direct universal and equal suffrage in a secret ballot which guarantees free expression of the will of voters, in accordance with the procedures laid down in an implementing act. Legal texts are rather formal and impersonal. 1) A means

serving this purpose is the frequent use of passive sentences, which usually cannot be translated into Hungarian using the same structure. Underline the passive structures in the text above and translate them into Hungarian. 2) The formality and impersonality of style is also increased by the use of complex expressions instead of a simple verb. Transform the following structures into verbal ones. How would you translate them into Hungarian? You should not stick to the structure but concentrate on the meaning and the formality of style. this involves residence recommendations need the approval of 3) The translation of English texts is complicated by expressions referring to institutions without Hungarian equivalents. In this situation, unless there is an accepted Hungarian translation, the original English expression must be used accompanied, in certain situations, by an explanatory

comment in Hungarian. e.g the boundaries being drawn by impartial Boundary Commissions = a választókerületek határait pártatlan bizottságok (Boundary Commissions) jelölik ki 55 5. Basic information on UK elections 5.1 Read this short informative text about general elections in the UK. General elections When Parliament is dissolved every seat in the House of Commons becomes vacant and a general election is held. Each constituency in the UK elects one MP (Member of Parliament) to a seat in the House of Commons. The political party that wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons usually forms the Government. How often are general elections held? The act provides for general elections to be held on the first Thursday in May every five years. There are two provisions that trigger an election other than at five-year intervals • A motion of no confidence is passed in Her Majestys Government by a simple majority and 14 days elapses without the House passing a confidence

motion in any new Government formed • A motion for a general election is agreed by two thirds of the total number of seats in the Commons including vacant seats (currently 434 out of 650) Previous to this act, the duration of a Parliament was set at five years, although many were dissolved before that, at the request of the Prime Minister to the Queen. How does it work? MPs are elected from a choice of candidates by a simple majority system in which each person casts one vote. The candidate with the most votes then becomes the MP for that constituency. Candidates may be from a political party registered with the Electoral Commission or they may stand as an Independent rather than represent a registered party. Where do people vote? Most voting takes place in polling stations but anyone eligible to vote can apply for a postal vote. Overseas voters British citizens living overseas are entitled to be registered to vote in UK Parliamentary elections for up to 15 years in the constituency

they were registered in before leaving the UK. They are not entitled to vote in UK local elections or elections to the devolved assemblies. Returning officers After a general election has taken place and the vote has been counted, the Returning Officer for that constituency declares the result. He or she also sends the name of the elected candidate to the Clerk of the Crown at the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry produces the White Book, a list of all Members of the new Parliament, which is brought to the Chamber on the first day the Parliament sits. The election results then appear in the London Gazette. 5.2 Make a summary of the practical realization of elections in Hungary using the headings above. You may also need the following words: identification, address card, ballot paper, polling booth, ballot box. 56 Latest general elections UK, 2019 5.3 Analise the following diagram 6. Parties Have a look at the description of the UK parties and analyse the diagram below. Party

descriptions Party Conservative and Unionist Party Description A party loosely divided into three categories: The Thatcherites or Conservative Way Forward, who strongly support a free market and tend to be Eurosceptic; the 57 economically moderate, often more pro-European and socially liberal One Nation Conservatives, and the socially conservative, deeply Eurosceptic Cornerstone Group. Labour Party A social democratic party with democratic socialist elements that has its roots in the trade union movement. The party in recent years is seen to have several internal factions, which include: Momentum, Open Labour, Progress, Blue Labour, and, the Labour members who stand on a split ticket with the Co-operative Party. Scottish National Party Scottish nationalist and social democratic party which supports Scottish Independence and membership of the European Union. Liberal Democrats Liberal and social liberal. The partys main two branches are the social-liberals based around groups like

the Social Liberal Forum, and the Orange Book grouping, which supports classical economic liberalism. Strongly supports membership of the European Union. Democratic Unionist Party Unionist and national conservative party in Northern Ireland. Socially conservative with close links to Protestantism. Sinn Féin Irish republican party that supports the unification of the island of Ireland as a 32-county Irish republic. Plaid Cymru Social-democratic and Welsh nationalist party in favour of Welsh independence. Social Democratic and Labour Party Social-democratic and Irish nationalist party supporting a United Ireland. Ulster Unionist Party Unionist party in Northern Ireland, conservative but with liberal factions. Green Party of England and Wales Green political party that favours eco-socialism,[24] environmentalism, and sustainability. Scottish Green Party Green political party in favour of Scottish independence and Scottish republicanism. UK Independence Party Eurosceptic, right-wing

populist party. Favours national sovereignty, social conservatism and economic liberalism. Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Liberal and nonsectarian political party in Northern Ireland. Green Party in Northern Ireland Green political and nonsectarian party in Northern Ireland. Traditional Unionist Voice Strongly social and national conservative unionist party in Northern Ireland, opposed to the St Andrews Agreement. People Before Profit Socialist party that is active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Brexit Party Hard Eurosceptic party that supports leaving all the institutions of the EU and is strongly positioned against a second EU referendum. Welsh National Party Sovereignist party that advocates Wales becoming an independent sovereign state. 58 7. Political parties in Hungary What do you know about political parties in Hungary? What about their names in English? Using the following information, analyse the diagram. Main Political Parties: Hungary is a

multi-party democracy largely divided between the conservative right and opposition, Unity Coalition. - Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance (Fidesz): centre-right, nationalist, socially conservative, most popular party across all legislative districts - Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP): right-wing, propagates national conservatism; acts as a sister organisation of Fidesz - Jobbik Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik): far-right, supports radical nationalism and Christian values, rejects globalization and immigration, said to be on the rise - won its first constituency (non party-list) seat in April 2015 - Politics Can Be Different (LMP): centre, green-liberal, champions protection of the environment, supports sustainable development and aims to work against corruption 59 Unity Coalition is composed by: - Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP): centre-left, largest opposition party, favours a free market - Democratic Coalition (DK): centre-left (too small to form parliamentary

group) - Together-Dialogue for Hungary (E-PM): centre-left, Hungarian green liberal political party (too small to form parliamentary group) - Hungarian Liberal Party (too small to form parliamentary group). https://www.nordeatradecom/en/explore-new-market/hungary/political-context https://www.googlecom/search?q=political+parties+hungary&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE wj3nvX8hszpAhVYRxUIHethD UQ AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=607#imgrc=0Qk3WBG7fzmJ0M 60 Just for fun Hungarian Two-tailed Dog Party – Immmortality. Free beer Tax reduction? The Hungarian Two-tailed Dog Party (MKKP) is a creative group interested in political and social issues, and will certainly win the the general elections. At some point In the future The MKKP is the Earth-based branch of the Ganymedian Galactocolialist Party, who, fulfilling our request, will NOT destroy the Earth for a while. We aim to do things which actually produce results, instead of responding to who said this and

who did that. Today, Hungarian politics is purely about political parties hating all the other political parties, and the MKKP does not want to see more hatred in this country. Instead, we would like to raise the ratio of active and capable human beings to over 127%. We would also like to increase the average body height by 35% and to decrease colesterol level by 20%. We are trying to raise awareness in a way that people would laugh at the problems instead of getting frustrated about them. We have decided that we will not get heart attacks from hopelessness, but instead will try to do nice, funny and/or useful things. There are four basic issues. We can easily handle interplanetary or galactic crises, even backdated ones. There are fundamental problems, issues we are unable attend to unless we win an election. Of course we could keep repeating the usual and obvious statements about healthcare or education problems, but that would not accomplish anything and will further decrease public

morale. So we will leave that to other parties Regarding other issues, we try to catch the attention of local governments, and try to make them solve local problems – it’s their job, after all. We have noticed that if we start dealing with these local problems, the responsible people often realize that they should actually do their job. Let’s say we (allegedly, in theory) put a graffiti to the walls of the János Hospital (we totally not did that, I swear!): the wall gets properly painted for the first time in decades. We redecorate piles of trash left on the streets, they are moved immediately. We paint on the broken sidewalk, it gets mended. Fortunately, we did not have to reinstate the potholes we previously fixed in Felcsút, after all. Also, the bike route may actually be finished near Rákosrendező Train Station. Which is a nice development, considering that the local government spent about 10,000,000 HUF (around 31,000 EUR) to guard the site and prevent us from finishing

the job. Besides space stations, we also build really nice bus stops So far only one has been demolished, in the city of Pécs, but we learned the lesson there: if we tag any undesirable object (rubble, trash, car wreck) as ’Bus stop by MKKP’, local government will make it disappear right away. Of course, if it comes to an unusable wooden bridge, or a faded crosswalk, our passivists do not hesitate to grab their tools and fix the thing. Our means for all this are street art, life hacking, public happenings, gorilla gardening, public repair projects, newspapers, theatric plays, movies, computer games, music and every genre 61 that tags along the way. We would gladly work with any civil organization who are equally enthusiastic about solving problems. Unfortunately, the other parties (excluding the Beer’n’ Pot Party of Sirius) operate differently. They put most of their efforts into communication, communication, and, sometimes, communication as well, and do not actually do

much. This is why we would not like to work with them. Of course if a party emerges which would tackle problems directly, and is actively trying to raise public morale, we would gladly cooperate with them. We thoroughly distance ourselves from the other parties’ aggressive rhetoric and selfish behavior, and put our energies into developing and improving our society. We are trying to change how people think, and to change it for the better. According to our calculations, this community will be able to determine in about 500 years what’s best for them, and then they will probably choose a party hat would represent them properly. 62 Unit 4 - List of terms advocate fn (a) Skóciában barrister, (US) lawyer, ügyvéd, bíróságon is képviseleti joggal rendelkező ügyvéd (b) támogató, védelmező allocate ige kiutal, kioszt, szétoszt arbitrary mn (a) önkényes, önhatalmú (b) korlátlan ballot • ballot paper • ballot box fn (a) titkos szavazás, választás (b)

szavazócédula fn szavazócédula fn szavazóurna fn határ, mezsgye fn GB az alsóház által kiküldött bizottság, amely a választókörzetek alakulását vizsgálja és javaslatokat tesz módosításukra boundary • Boundary Commission by-election fn időközi választás candidate fn jelölt, pályázó centre-right mn jobbközép coalition fn koalíció, szövetség compensatory mn kárpótló, kompenzációs comprise ige magába foglal constituent fn választó deputy fn (a) helyettes (b) megbízott (c) küldött dissolve ige (a) feloldódik, felolvad (b) feloszlik, feloszlat, megszüntet, felbont duration fn időtartam elect ige (meg)választ election • by-election • general elections electoral • electoral register fn választás fn időközi választás fn általános választások mn (a) választói (b) választási fn választói névjegyzék electorate fn (a) választók, szavazók összessége (b) választókerület eligible mn

választható entitle • be entitled to ige feljogosít jogosultnak lenni vmi-re environmentalism fn környezetvédelem faction/fraction fn frakció, csoport far-right 1 fn szélsőjobb 2 mn szélsőjobboldali 63 First-past-the-post system „az első mindent visz” (választási) rendszer franchise fn (a) kiváltság, mentesség (b) választójog, polgárjog, előjog, privilégium furthermore hsz azonkívül, továbbá, ráadásul general election fn általános választás hurdle fn akadály, gát impartial mn pártatlan implementing act fn végrehajtási jogi aktus initial 1 mn kezdeti, kiinduló, alap- 2 ige láttamoz, kézjeggyel ellát interest 1 fn (a) érdek (b) kamat (c) érdeklődés 2 ige érdekel left-wing 1 fn baloldal 2 mn baloldali minority fn (a) kiskorúság (b) kisebbség motion • motion of no confidence opposition peer • • • hereditary peer life peer peeress fn indítvány, javaslat fn bizalmatlansági indítvány fn (a)

ellenzés, szembenállás (b) ellenzék, ellenzéki párt(ok) fn Lordok Háza tagja fn öröklés útján tag a Lordok Házában fn nem öröklés (kinevezés) útján tag a Lordok Házában fn Lordok Háza női tagja vagy egy tag felesége plurality/majority system fn többségi (választási) rendszer poll 1 fn (a) szavazás (b) (köz)véleménykutatás 2 ige szavaz polling booth fn szavazófülke polling station fn szavazóhelyiség proportion • in proportion to fn arány hsz vmi arányában/mértékében, viszonyítva vmhez 1 fn jegyzék, hivatalos lista, nyilvántartás 2 ige jegyzékbe, nyilvántartásba vesz register rely (on) ige bízik benne, számít rá representation fn képviselet right-wing 1 fn jobboldal 2 mn jobboldali run ige (a) működtet (b) hatályban van ige (hivatalért, tisztségért) jelölteti magát • run for (an office) seat fn képviselői hely, mandátum spokesperson fn szóvivő 64 substract (from) ige kivon suffrage fn

választójog surplus fn (a) többlet (b) felesleg (c) maradék sustainability fn fenntarthatóság sustainable mn fenntartható threshold fn küszöb thus hsz ekképpen, így tier fn (a) üléssor (b) kategória, osztály trade union fn szakszervezet unification fn (a) egyesítés (b) egységesítés vote • cast a vote • remainder votes 1 fn (a) szavazás (b) szavazat 2 ige szavaz ige szavaz fn maradék szavazatok/töredékszavazatok 65 UNIT 5 Local Governments 1. What is local government? Read these three descriptions and compare the way how they treat the same topic. No modern country can be governed from a single location only. The affairs of municipalities and rural areas must be left to the administration of local governments. Accordingly, all countries have at least two levels of government: central and local. A number of countries also contain a third level of government, which is responsible for the interests of more or less large regions. The

definition of local government, as is the case with all other definitions, depends on who the intended audience of your explanation is. 1/ Local government is one way in which the country’s governance and administration is carried out, and its public services delivered. Two features distinguish local government from other local service providers – most local authorities are elected and most have the ability to raise taxes locally. 2/ Local authorities are statutory bodies created by Acts of Parliament. They are not accountable to Parliament as they are directly elected by their local communities. Local authorities, their members and the administrative units supporting them have a number of objectives, amongst which are delivering national objectives locally and using national and local resources to meet the diverse requirements of different neighbourhoods and communities. 3/ The style and constitutional arrangements under which local government operates have changed and are still

changing. Traditionally local government was about the delivery of a range of services. Over time, more and more of these services have been delivered by outside agencies and the role of local government has changed as a result. In 2000, the current government redefined the core purpose of local government as community leadership. https://www.govuk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/316772/LGFS24 web editionpdf 2. Local governments in Hungary The system of local governments in Hungary Hungary is a unitary state composed of municipalities (települések), cities (városok), cities with county rank (megyei jogú városok), capital city districts (fővárosi kerületek) and counties (megyék). Local level: 3 175 municipalities (települések), cities (városok), cities with county rank (megyei jogú városok), capital city districts (fővárosi kerületek) and the City of Budapest Intermediary level: 19 counties (megyék) http://www.ccreorg/en/pays/view/19 Note Under

Article F (2) of the Fundamental Law, “The territory of Hungary shall consist of the capital, counties, cities and towns, as well as villages. The capital, as well as the cities and towns may be divided into districts.” 66 2.1 Put the following words in the text describing the local level executes holds appointed initiative legislative administration elected composed presides inhabitants suffrage decrees deputy regional ballot period executive autonomous suffrage Local level The body of representatives (képviselő-testület) is the municipalitys body. It is composed of members by direct universal for five years and is responsible for the management and control of the municipality. Its decisions are presented in the form of resolutions and . The mayor (polgármester) is the municipality’s body and over the body of representatives. He/she is a member of the body of representatives

and is elected by direct universal for a five-year term. On the mayors proposal, the body of representatives may elect mayors from within its ranks, via secret . Municipalities of more than 3 000 have a full-time mayor, while in municipalities of less than 3 000 inhabitants, the body of representatives can determine whether the mayor a part-time or full-time position. The notary (jegyző) is by the body of representatives, usually for an undetermined of time. He/she is at the head of the local . The notary prepares and supports the work of the body of representatives and mayor, and their decisions. Competences . Local development . Urban planning . Protection of the environment . Housing . Public transport . Social services . Maintenance of roads, public areas, cemeteries and sewage . Water resources . Fire services . Culture Note The capital

city of Budapest is of two levels: the citys local government and 23 districts. These two levels are managed by local entities, which have the status of a municipality. 67 A municipality can become a city at the of its body of representatives, depending on its level of development and its impact at the level. Cities with more than 50 000 inhabitants can gain the rank of a county. However, this process is quite rare in Hungary, as the last municipality to have gained county rank was Érd in 1994. 2.2 Go on with the intermediary level deliberative government services term subsidiarity mandate unable equal executive within Intermediary level The county council (megyei közgyűlés) is the countys body. It is composed of members elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year . The county council provides the public that municipalities are to

provide. However, on the basis of the principle of , county authorities cannot take over the competences that municipalities wish to handle themselves. The county chair (közgyűlés elnöke) is elected for a five-year by and from the county council. He/she is the countys branch and represents the county council. Competences . Cultural infrastructures (libraries, museums, etc) . Maintenance of retirement homes . Land development . Tourism Note There is no hierarchy between local and county authorities as they have rights in the eyes of the national . Based on: http://www.ccreorg/en/pays/view/19 3. Regions, counties and statistical small regions in Hungary 3.1 Based on the text and the map below, make a comparison between the structure of local governments in the UK and Hungary. 68 http://www.tankonyvtarhu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0050 03 politika 1/images/palne1jpg Local Government

Structure Local government in England operates under either a one tier system - unitary authorities, or a two tier system - county and district councils. There are five types of local authority in England: county councils, district councils, unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs. County councils County councils cover the whole of the county and provide the majority of public services in their particular area. County councils are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, passenger transport, social care, libraries, waste disposal and strategic planning. District councils Each county is divided into several districts. District councils, which may also be called borough councils or city councils if the district has borough or city status, cover a much smaller area and provide more local services. District Councils are responsible for housing, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, planning applications and local taxation

collections. Unitary authorities Many large towns and cities and some small counties are unitary authorities; i.e they have only one tier of local government. Unitary authorities can be city councils, borough councils, county councils, or district councils. Unitary authorities are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, passenger transport, social care, housing, libraries, leisure and 69 recreation, environmental health, waste collection, waste disposal, planning applications, strategic planning and local taxation collection. Metropolitan districts Metropolitan districts are unitary authorities; they can be called metropolitan district councils, metropolitan borough councils or metropolitan city councils. Metropolitan districts are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, passenger transport, social care, housing, libraries, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, waste disposal, planning applications, strategic planning

and local taxation collection. London boroughs Each London borough is a unitary authority. However, the Greater London Authority (GLA) provides London-wide government and shares responsibility for certain services. London boroughs are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, social care, housing, libraries, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, waste disposal, planning applications, strategic planning, local taxation collection. The GLA is responsible for highways, transport planning, passenger transport and strategic planning. Town and parish councils Some parts of England have a third tier of local government. Town and parish councils are responsible for smaller local services such as parks, community centres, allotments and war memorials. In both Wales and Scotland there is a single tier system of local government providing all local government services. In Northern Ireland there are elected local borough, city and district councils which

provide services such as waste disposal, street cleaning and recreation; however the majority of services are the responsibility of other organisations. https://www.politicscouk/reference/local-government-structure Main features of territorial organisation Hungary has a two-tier system of local government, made up of 19 counties and 3 178 municipal authorities comprising villages, cities, cities of county rank and the capital city of Budapest and its 23 districts. The number of counties excludes Budapest which has had special status since 1991 and has an organisation similar to a county. The 2012 Constitutional reform and the 2011 Local Government Act (LGA, in effect from 2013) have profoundly transformed SNGs (Sub-national governments), reducing their scope, functions and financing resources. In parallel, a large State reform in 2013 introduced a new administrative structure in the form of 175 districts (járás), including three districts in the capital. These new central government

offices at the local level took over many functions exercised previously by municipalities and are also in charge of SNG legal and financial supervision. Main subnational government responsibilities. The LGA has drastically reduced SNG responsibilities. It recentralised several (or parts of) functions in education (primary and secondary education), healthcare (free medical services, hospitals, excluding specialised clinics), social protection (social allowances e.g for the elderly, families, etc.), public hygiene, waterworks, and administration (document office duties). Municipal responsibilities are of two types: compulsory and voluntary Compulsory tasks include road maintenance, public transport, child protection support, social provision 70 tied to local government ordinances, issuance of various permits, some administrative tasks, etc. Most county responsibilities which included health, secondary and specialised education, economic development, spatial planning, environment

protection, tourism have been recentralised. Counties are now primarily responsible for regional development 3.2 Study the tasks of local governments, stipulated in the Act CLXXXIX of 2011 on the Local Governments of Hungary and match them with their English translation. 13. § (1) A helyi közügyek, valamint a helyben biztosítható közfeladatok körében ellátandó helyi önkormányzati feladatok különösen: 1. településfejlesztés, településrendezés; 2. településüzemeltetés (köztemetők kialakítása és fenntartása, a közvilágításról való gondoskodás, kéményseprő-ipari szolgáltatás biztosítása, a helyi közutak és tartozékainak kialakítása és fenntartása, közparkok és egyéb közterületek kialakítása és fenntartása, gépjárművek parkolásának biztosítása); 3. a közterületek, valamint az önkormányzat tulajdonában álló közintézmény elnevezése; 4. egészségügyi alapellátás, az egészséges életmód segítését célzó

szolgáltatások; 5. környezet-egészségügy (köztisztaság, települési környezet tisztaságának biztosítása, rovar- és rágcsálóirtás); 6. óvodai ellátás; 7. kulturális szolgáltatás, különösen a nyilvános könyvtári ellátás biztosítása; filmszínház, előadó-művészeti szervezet támogatása, a kulturális örökség helyi védelme; a helyi közművelődési tevékenység támogatása; 8. szociális, gyermekjóléti szolgáltatások és ellátások; 9. lakás- és helyiséggazdálkodás; 10. a területén hajléktalanná vált személyek ellátásának és rehabilitációjának, 71 valamint a hajléktalanná válás megelőzésének biztosítása; 11. helyi környezet- és természetvédelem, vízgazdálkodás, vízkárelhárítás; 12. honvédelem, polgári védelem, katasztrófavédelem, helyi közfoglalkoztatás; 13. helyi adóval, gazdaságszervezéssel és a turizmussal kapcsolatos feladatok; 14. a kistermelők, őstermelők számára

jogszabályban meghatározott termékeik értékesítési lehetőségeinek biztosítása, ideértve a hétvégi árusítás lehetőségét is; 15. sport, ifjúsági ügyek; 16. nemzetiségi ügyek; 17. közreműködés a település közbiztonságának biztosításában; 18. helyi közösségi közlekedés biztosítása; 19. hulladékgazdálkodás; 20. távhőszolgáltatás; 21. víziközmű-szolgáltatás, A/ primary healthcare, services promoting healthy ways of living; B/ protection of the local environment and nature, water management, preventing water damage, supply of drinking water, canalisation, treatment and disposal of waste water (sewage service); C/ municipal development, urban planning D/ waste management; E/ sport- and youth-related affairs; F/ municipal management (development and maintenance of public cemeteries, local public roads, public lightening, and chimney sweeping etc.); G/ cultural services (public library services, support to cinemas, performing art

organisations, protection of local cultural heritage; support to local community education); H/ housing and property management; I/ naming public areas and public institutions in self-government ownership; J/ kindergarten services K/ rehabilitation of the homeless and prevention of homelessness; 72 L/ environmental health (refuse collection, sanitation of urban environment, control of pests and rodents); M/ social, child welfare and child protection services; N/ district heating services; O/ national defence, civil defence, disaster protection, local public employment; P/ providing sales opportunities for small-scale producers and licensed traditional producers (to sell products specified by legislation), including weekend markets; Q/ waterworks services; R/ duties related to local taxes, organising local economy and tourism; S/ local public transport provision; T/ national minority affairs; U/ participation in ensuring public safety of the municipality; 3.3 Study this diagram and

speak about the change in the tasks of counties after the reform of the system of public administration in Hungary. http://www.googlehu/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CGkQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.aerteassoorg%2Findexphp%3Foption%3Dcom rubberdoc%26view%3Ddoc%26id%3D237%26format%3Draw%2 6Itemid%3D100052&ei=Yur5U GCsTYOumkgbAC&usg=AFQjCNHuNujP0Vcl5pUmA79bDqeCLBJonQ&bvm=bv.73612305,dbGE 73 4. Translation First study the examples, and then translate the sentences paying special attention to the phrases written in bold. Examples When translating, what is a clause in the original text may become a verb-phrase, a noun-phrase or a word-group in the translation and vice versa. However, more often than not it is the Hungarian text which uses a clause instead of a verb-phrase, a noun-phrase or a word-group used in the English text and not the other way round. Some examples taken from the texts of this unit: 1) In England there was a

process of local consultations which lead to the single tier model being supported, and implemented, in some places and rejected in rather more. , hogy az egyszintű modellt támogatták / tartották fenn 2) There is no difference in powers between parish and town councils – the distinction is just that town councils cover areas which are more highly urban than parish ones. hogy a városi önkormányzatok városiasabb jellegű területeket foglalnak magukba, mint a községiek. 3) In particular it is generally used of any town containing a Cathedral. amelyben található székesegyház 4) Boroughs were originally towns that had grown large and important enough to be given their own government. . hogy saját önkormányzatot kapjanak Translation from English into Hungarian Translate the following sentences taken from the reading passages of this unit. Pay special attention to the expressions in bold. 1)Councillors represent geographical wards and serve for four years before needing

to seek re-election. 2) Until recently, most council decisions were taken by committees appointed from within the Council, with only the most important decisions being taken by the entire Council. 3) There is now provision for councils to have a directly elected mayor responsible for most decisions in association with a small Cabinet of Councillors. 74 Translation from Hungarian

into English Translate the following sentences into English. Pay special attention to the expressions in bold. 1) A megyei önkormányzat legfontosabb feladata abban rejlik, hogy kiegészítő jelleggel mindazokat a közszolgáltatásokat biztosítsa, amelyeknek ellátására a települések gazdasági helyzetükből adódóan nem képesek. 2) A helyi önkormányzatok speciális fajtája a fővárosi önkormányzat, amely kétszintű önkormányzattal rendelkezik, ugyanis a főváros és kerületei önkormányzataiból áll.

3) Az Ötv. értelmében a fővárosi önkormányzat és a kerületi önkormányzatok közötti feladatmegosztás alapvetően eltér a települési önkormányzatok és a megyei önkormányzatok közötti feladat- és hatáskör megosztástól, amely elengedhetetlenül maga után vonja a jogállásbeli különbségeket is. 5. Role-play Civil servant - citizen encounters Work in pairs and act out the following two situations. . Situation 1 Student A Ön önkormányzati alkalmazott. A település egyik holland állampolgárságú lakosa panasszal fordul önhöz. Kérdezze ki az ügy részleteiről: • mivel kapcsolatban

szeretne panaszt tenni. Tájékoztassa az ügyfelet: • az út kiszélesítése közérdek; • az ügyfél telekrészét nem önkényesen veszik el, 75 kisajátításra csak az önkormányzat ilyen értelmű határozata után kerülhet sor; a kisajátítás ellenértékét szakértői vélemény alapján határozzák meg. Javasolja, hogy az ügyfél • gondolja át az ügyet újból; • forduljon észrevételeivel önkormányzati képviselőjéhez. • • Student B Ön egy kisalföldi városka holland állampolgárságú lakója. Szomszédaitól úgy hallotta, hogy az önkormányzat el fogja venni a háza előtti telekrészének egy darabját, mert ki akarják szélesíteni az utat. Ez ügyben panasszal fordul az önkormányzat egyik alkalmazottjához Mondja el: • igazságtalannak tartja, hogy az önkormányzat elveszi telkének egy darabját; • sokkal zajosabb és porosabb lesz a háza, mert az út közvetlenül a háza előtt lesz majd, így nem tud sem szellőztetni,

sem pihenni. Kérdezze meg: • ki fog dönteni a kisajátításról; • kivel tud beszélni a telekrész áráról; • ha még semmi nem dőlt el, kihez fordulhat segítségért. Situation 2 Student A Ön egy több mint tíz éve az egyik magyarországi megyeszékhelyen élő nigériai állampolgár. Legidősebb gyermeke idén kezdi el általános iskolai tanulmányait. Gyermekét azonban az egyik helyi iskola nem akarja az Ön által kiszemelt osztályba felvenni. Ez ügyben keresi fel a város jegyzőjét. Mondja el: • az iskola igazgatója szerint a speciális osztályban kisebb a létszám, így a nyelvi nehézségek ellenére gyermeke el tudja sajátítani az előírt tananyagot; • Ön szerint viszont azért vették föl gyermekét egy speciális osztályba, mert Ön színesbőrű; • otthon csak angolul beszélnek, de gyermeke egy évet járt egy magyar óvodába; • úgy érzi, faji diszkrimináció áldozata, ami úgy tudja törvényellenes, ezért fordult panaszával

a jegyzőhöz. Kérdezze meg: • ha a jegyző nem illetékes ebben az ügyben és nem tudja utasítani az iskola igazgatóját, hova fordulhat panaszával; • ha bírósághoz fordul, a tanév kezdéséig hátralévő négy hónap alatt megszületik-e a döntés. Student B Ön az egyik megyeszékhelyen dolgozik jegyzőként. Egy nem magyar állampolgárságú helyi lakos beiskolázással kapcsolatos panaszával fordul önhöz. Kérdezze ki az ügy részleteiről: • mivel kapcsolatban szeretne panaszt tenni; • milyen indokkal vették föl az ügyfél gyermekét speciális osztályba; 76 • van-e valós alapja az indoknak. Tájékoztassa az ügyfelet: • a város általános iskolái már nem a város, hanem az állam kezelésében vannak; • Ön nem utasíthatja az iskola igazgatóját. Javasolja, hogy az ügyfél • forduljon az iskolafenntartó központhoz (KLIK); • ha ott sem kap segítséget, forduljon az ombudsmanhoz. 6. Writing Write a formal letter in 120-150

words. Ön (Kiss István/Ilona) Hercegvár Városi Polgármesteri Hivatalának osztályvezetője. A polgármestertől azt a feladatot kapta, hogy a város jubileumi ünnepségére hívja meg európai uniós testvérvárosaik polgármestereit. (Saját címe: Hercegvár Városi Polgármesteri Hivatal, 6634 Hercegvár, Fő tér 1-3; Címzett: Dr. Rudolf Bauer polgármester, Cím: Municipality of Kosice, Nám. Maratónu mieru 1, Kosice 04001, Slovakia) • közölje a meghívás okát (a városi cím elnyerésének 100. évfordulója); • tudassa, hogy mikor és hol lesz a rendezvény (2015. március 29-30, Városháza Díszterem); • írja le, hogy milyen programokat (testvérvárosok szimpóziuma, fotókiállítás megnyitó, látogatás egy helyi kisvállalkozásnál, folklór műsor, fogadás) terveznek; • ajánlja fel a meghívottaknak, hogy tartsanak beszédet; • ismertesse, hogy kik lesznek a rendezvény vendégei (testvérvárosok polgármesterei különböző uniós

tagállamokból); • ajánlja fel segítségét szállás foglalásához. 7. How local government works financially in England Read this short paragraph on how local governments work financially in England and do the attached matching exercise taken from the text. Local authority spending can be divided into revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. On the whole, revenue expenditure is financed through a balance of central government grant including redistributed non-domestic rates and the locally raised council tax. Capital expenditure is principally financed through central government grants, borrowing and capital receipts. Local authorities are required by law: • to secure the necessary funds to finance their operations • to provide an accurate account of where the money goes • to provide accounts which balance Only some of the local authorities may collect money directly through council tax. Those which can are called billing authorities. Others receive funds indirectly,

either by precepting on a billing authority or by other channels. 77 Glossary Billing authority – a local authority empowered to set and collect council tax, and manage the Collection Fund, on behalf of itself and local authorities in its area. In England, shire and metropolitan districts, the Council of the Isles of Scilly, unitary authorities, London Boroughs and the City of London are billing authorities. Capital expenditure – expenditure on the acquisition or creation of fixed assets or expenditure, which adds to and does not merely maintain the value of existing fixed assets. Capital receipts – income from the sale of capital assets. Such income may only be used for purposes authorised by regulations under the Local Government Act 2003, for example to repay loan debt and to finance new capital expenditure. Collection fund – the fund administered by a billing authority into which council taxes are paid, and from which payments are made to the general fund of billing and

major precepting authorities. National Non-domestic Rates collected by a billing authority are also paid into the fund before being passed on to central government for distribution to local authorities. Community charge – the local domestic charge that was in operation between 1 April 1990 and 31 March 1993. Also known as the ‘poll tax’ Council tax – a local charge (or charges) set by the billing authority in order to collect sufficient revenue to meet their demand on the collection fund and the precepts issued by the precepting authorities. It replaced the community charge on 1 April 1993 and is based on the value of the property and the number of residents. The Valuation Office Agency assesses the properties in each district area and assigns each property to one of eight valuation bands; A to H. The tax is set on the basis of the number of Band D equivalent properties Tax levels for dwellings in other bands are set relative to the Band D baseline. National Non-domestic Rates

– are a means by which local businesses contribute to the cost of local authority services. They are also known as business rates On 1 April 1990 the rating of non-domestic (mainly commercial and industrial) properties was substantially reformed. Before 1990-91, rate poundages were set individually by local authorities and varied from authority to authority. Since 1 April 1990, a single national poundage has been set by the Government. Precept – the amount of money (council tax) that a local or major precepting authority has instructed the billing authority to collect and pay over to it in order to finance its net expenditure. Revenue expenditure – in a general sense, expenditure on recurring items, including the running of services and capital financing. https://www.govuk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/316772/LGFS24 web editionpdf 78 1 2 Nouns account acquisition A B 3 4 capital charge C D 5 expenditure E 6 7 fund grant F G 8 9 rates

receipts H I 10 11 revenue tax J K 1 2 Verbs bill collect A B 3 4 finance precept C D 5 redistribute E Explanations income an amount of money which people or organisations have to pay to the government to pay for its expenses report a thing given for a particular purpose, especially money from the government an amount of money which has been set aside for a special purpose an amount of money asked for services the amount of money available for investment or accumulated material wealth money received by a business (UK) local taxes paid on both private and commercial property action of buying the spending of money Explanations give something out in a different way order, prescribe usually the performance of some technical operation e.g setting or collecting tax on behalf of the issuing authority provide money for something obtain (money, contributions etc.) from a number of people or places to send (someone) a statement of the amount that has to be paid 8. Subnational

government finance in Hungary Scan the following text and make a short summary on the revenues of Hungarian local governments. As a result of the recentralisation of a large part of SNG responsibilities, the share of SNG expenditure in GDP and public expenditure decreased significantly, by respectively 5 and almost 10 percentage points between 2010 and 2013. The share of SNG staff spending in total staff spending went from 50% to 23%, resulting from large transfers of personnel from SNGs to the central government, in particular to the new government offices. Similarly, the share of SNGs in public investment and GDP has fallen, respectively from 59% to 39% and from 2.2% to 1.6% of GDP Subnational government spending Main categories of SNG spending in 2013 included general public services, education (municipalities continue to manage school buildings and facilities but are no longer responsible for teaching and administrative staff) and economic affairs (mainly transport) and social

protection. LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCING The new Local Government Act modified SNG sources of financing and borrowing rules. 79 TAX REVENUE Counties are not allowed to levy taxes. The highest municipal tax is by far the local business tax (74% of local tax revenue in 2013) which is imposed on companies located or registered in the municipal area and based on corporate gross margins. The rate is decided by the municipality, but capped at 2%. Property taxes are the second highest tax (18% of local tax revenue i.e 04% of GDP) Including a building tax and a land tax, they are paid by owners, based either on area or floor space or on the adjusted market value. Tax rates are set by each municipality, up to certain limits. There are some other minor taxes such as a tax on motor vehicle or the communal tax on households, tourist tax, etc. GRANTS AND SUBSIDIES The 2011 reform also modified the grants system and reduced their amounts, in accordance to the recentralisation of several

responsibilities, for example fall of funds from the Health Insurance Fund. A stricter grant system was set up in 2013, going from an income-based system to a task-based, expenditure-oriented system. Grants are now earmarked The reform included the tightening of distribution rules and new equalisation criteria based on the tax capacity of each municipality. OTHER REVENUES Other revenues for municipalities include mostly user tariffs and fees for public services which represent around 9% of local revenue. BORROWING Tighter budgetary restrictions and new borrowing controls have been introduced for SNGs by the LGA. It forbids any operating deficit, and stipulates that SNGs are responsible for their own financial management. The LGA also set up an authorisation framework for local borrowing in 2012. Following the 2013 reform, SNG debt has also been recentralised, the central government taking over local debt. 9. Local government elections in the UK Read this short summary of local

elecions. What do you think is the reason for the 2- or 3year elctions? Local government elections take place at least every 4 years. Not all local government elections take place at the same time. Your local government will do one of the following: • elect all the local councillors every 4 years • elect half the local councillors every 2 years • elect one third of the local councillors every year for 3 years and hold no elections in the 4th year To vote in a local government election you must: • be registered to vote • be 18 or over on the day of the election (‘polling day’) (16 or over in Scotland) • be a British, Irish, Commonwealth or EU citizen • be registered at an address in the area you want to vote in 80 • not be legally excluded from voting Local government councillors in England and Wales are elected using the First Past the Post system. You vote for one candidate in your local area and the candidate with the most votes wins. In Scotland and

Northern Ireland, councillors are elected using the Single Transferable Vote system. You rank the candidates in order of preference https://www.govuk/elections-in-the-uk/local-government 10. Local government elections Read the following text and compare the conditions to vote in the UK and in Hungary and the requirements for constituents and candidates. Summarise the information given in the text and provided in the Electoral Notice for an EU citizen, living in Hungary. Preconditions for standing candidates and lists Hungarian or EU citizens may be a local representative candidate and a mayor candidate if they meet the legal conditions and domiciled in Hungary. For being a candidate, it is required to collect an appropriate number of recommendations through a recommendation sheet. Before the law amendment, the voters could recommend only one candidate or one list, but for now, more candidates can be recommended by one voter. Candidates have sixteen days to collect supporting

statements. For standing a county list, organizations need a recommendation from 1 per cent of voters. For standing a compensational list in the mixed election system, nominating organizations and parties have to stand candidates at least in the half of the individual constituencies. Mayors The mayors (of all towns, cities, districts of Budapest and the Lord Mayor) are elected by the system called first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting method. The simplest voting system this is, usually called winner takes all, the candidates only need to receive the highest number of votes (relative majority) to win, so the absolute majority is not required in the election of mayors. There are no electoral thresholds relating the proportion of participating electors To sum it up: The voting system of mayors is direct, one-round, single ballot and relative majority based, without any electoral thresholds as regards the number of participants. Towns with less than 10000 inhabitants Assembly members of towns

and smaller cities (below 10000 inhabitants) are elected in a special way, called „single non-transferrable vote system” (multiple-member election). On the single-ballot list, the names of the candidates who had collected the required number of supporting statements, are listed in alphabetic order. In a multiple-selection ballot, voters cast (up to) the same number of votes equal to the number of positions to be filled (the number of the members of the local assembly). Candidates with the highest numbers of votes are elected Number of members in local assemblies in towns and cities under (no more than) 10.000 inhabitants (elected by the method “multiple selection ballot”): • under (no more than) 100 inhabitants: 2 members, • under (no more than) 1000 inhabitants: 4 members, • under (no more than) 5000 inhabitants: 6 members, 81 • • under (no more than) 100 inhabitants: 8 members. Cities over 10.000 inhabitants In cities over 10.000 inhabitants and in the

districts of the capital, the assembly members are elected in the mixed voting system, there are single-member constituencies and compensational lists in every city. A number of members in local assemblies in towns and cities over (more than) 10.000 inhabitants (elected by the method “mixed voting system”): • under (no more than) 25000 inhabitants: 8 members from constituencies, and 3 members from the compensational list, • under (no more than) 50000 inhabitants: 10 members from constituencies, and 4 members from the compensational list, • under (no more than) 75000 inhabitants: 12 members from constituencies, and 5 members from the compensational list, • under (no more than) 100000 inhabitants: 14 members from constituencies, and 6 members from the compensational list. • In a city with over 100.000 inhabitants, the number of seats from single-member constituencies must be increased by one after every 10000 inhabitants, and the number of seats from a compensational list

must be increased by one after every 25000 inhabitants. Voters are only voting for one candidate in their electoral district, so voting on the compensational list is not possible. In a single constituency, the seat is given by the method first-past-the-post, which means that the candidate with the most received votes is elected only. A candidate gets elected from the compensational list if their list has enough votes for at least as many mandates as the candidate’s serial number. From compensational lists the seats are distributed by Sainte-Laguë method (using only the odd numbers in increasing order). On compensational lists the names are in optional order, so the order matters a lot due to the system of distribution of mandates. In the compensational list division, the number of votes on the lists must exceed the 5% of all the votes (electoral threshold) to be active in the distribution of mandates. If two nominating organizations stand a common compensational list this number is

increased to 10 %, in case of three or more nominating organizations it amounts to 15%. Based on: https://arsboni.hu/the-municipal-election-system-in-hungary/ 82 83 Just for fun The curious tradition of weighing the mayor What is your opinion about this tradition? Do you know of any Hungarian traditions connected to municipalities? Weighing the mayor at the start of his or term of office and again at the end is a custom unique to High Wycombe. It is thought the tradition started to ensure the mayor and other officials did not "live off the fat of the land" at the expense of the ratepayers, though no one is certain. The ceremony used to take place in White Hart Street and was a very colourful affair with a procession from the church during which the citizens of the town threw flowers along the route and a drummer led the way. It is still a big occasion in town though not quite so colourful. The weighing is held in the High Street on huge scales and various dignitaries

are weighed in addition to the councillors. It is traditional for the crowd to jeer when the person is declared to weigh so many pounds "and some more" and for the crowd to cheer if it is "and no more". However, I can reveal one secret. The mayor rarely gains weight during his or her term of office - at the start of the year the mayor is weighed with the chain and all the regalia, but at the end of the year no longer wears the chain and regalia (it being worn by the new mayor)! The ceremony is held on a different date each year but usually towards the end of May. http://www.strangebritaincouk/traditions/weighinghtm/l 84 Unit 5 - List of Terms account fn beszámoló, számla, elszámolási kötelezettség accountable (to sy) mn vki felé felelősséggel tartozó acquire ige szerez, elsajátít acquisition fn (a) beszerzés (b) megszerzés (c) nyereség allotment fn (a) elosztás (b) felosztás (c) elhelyezés allowance fn járadék, tartásdíj,

juttatás assembly fn gyülekezés, gyűlés, gyülekezet, összejövetel assess ige felbecsül, értékel assign ige (a) átruház (b) feladatot kioszt, feladatra kijelöl ballot fn (a) titkos szavazás, választás (b) szavazócédula billing fn számlázás borough fn város, törvényhatóság candidate fn pályázó, jelölt cap ige (a) megszabja a határát (b) felülmúl valakit, túltesz valakin, rádupláz valamire capital fn (a) főváros (b) tőke cemetery fn temető charge 1 fn díj, költség, ár 2 ige díjat kiszab city of county rank fn megye jogú város corporate mn társasági, vállalati councillor fn tanácstag debt fn adósság decree 1 fn rendelet, ítélet 2 ige rendelkezik deliberative mn tanácskozó deliver • deliver services ige (a) szállít, kézbesít (b) mond, tart (beszédet) ige szolgáltatásokat nyújt deputy fn (a) helyettes (b) megbízott (c) küldött dignitary fn méltóság, magas tisztség viselője

disposal • waste disposal fn elintézés, eldobás, ártalmatlanítás szemét- és hulladékeltakarítás és hasznosítás 85 distribute ige (a) feloszt (b) terjeszt distribution fn (a) felosztás, megoszlás (b) terjesztés, forgalmazás district fn (a) körzet, kerület (b) járás dwelling fn (a) lakóhely (b) tartózkodás earmark ige megkülönböztető jellel ellát ensure ige (a) biztosít (b) gondoskodik environmental health fn környezet-egészségügy execute ige (1) végrehajt, (2) kivégez expense • at the expense of fn kiadás, ráfordítás • vki költségére, vki kárára fee fn díj funds fn vmely célra elkülönített pénzösszeg governance fn kormányzás, irányítás gross margin fn bruttó nyereség impact fn hatás impose on sy ige kiszab, kiró (kötelezettséget, büntetést) inhabitant fn lakos, lakó initiative fn kezdeményezés issuance fn kiadás leisure fn szabadidő, pihenés levy 1 fn (a) adóteher

(b) adóbeszedés, adóbehajtás 2 ige kivet, beszed, behajt maintenance fn (a) fenntartás, karbantartás (b) támogatás mandate mayor • Lord Mayor merely 1 fn megbízás, mandátum, képviselői megbízatás 2 ige (kormányt) felhatalmaz fn polgármester fn főpolgármester hsz csak, csupán, egyedül municipality fn törvényhatósági joggal felruházott város/község nominate ige kinevez, jelöl non-domestic rate fn kb. iparűzési adó on behalf of vk nevében/helyett/érdekében 86 ordinance fn helyhatósági szabályrendelet parish • parish council • parish meeting fn parókia • községi tanács • községi gyűlés participation fn részvétel partnership fn szövetkezés, társulás, partnerség, partneri viszony permit 1 fn engedély 2 ige engedélyez poundage fn jutalék, közvetítési díj precept fn hivatali utasítás public hygiene fn közegészségügy raise ige (a) felemel (b) előteremt, szerez, összegyűjt (pénzt)

rate • ratepayer receipt • receipts fn (a) arány, hányad, ráta (b) szint (c) helyi adó fn adófizető (helyi adó) fn (a) átvétel, kézhezvétel (b) nyugta, átvételi elismervény fn bevétel, jövedelem recreation fn szórakozás, kikapcsolódás recur ige ismétlődik, újra jelentkezik refuse 1 fn szemét, hulladék 2 ige visszautasít regalia fn valamely rend, hivatal jelképei resolution fn határozat resource fn erőforrás retirement home fn idősek otthona, nyugdíjas-otthon revenue fn jövedelem, állami bevétel scope fn hatókör, tér sewage fn szennyvíz(elvezetés) shire fn megye, grófság spatial mn térbeli stipulate ige (szerződésben) kiköt, előír, meghatároz subsidiarity fn szubszidiaritás, az az elv, mely szerint minden döntést és végrehajtást a lehető legalacsonyabb szinten kell meghozni, ahol a legnagyobb hozzáértéssel rendelkeznek subsidy fn (a) támogatás (b) anyagi támogatás suffrage fn

választójog 87 tariff fn vámtarifa tier fn réteg, szint unitary mn egységes waste fn (a) hulladék (b) selejt waterworks fn vízművek 88