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English Literature Paper 2 Section A – Orwell ‘Animal Farm’ NAME: CLASS TEACHER: YEAR: PLOT Chapter 1 – The beginning of a revolution! Famer Jones is introduced as The animals enter in a In his speech, he first In his speech, he also The meeting ends with the an inadequate leader as he specific order and Old Major encourages the animals to addresses different animals singing of ‘Beasts of forgets to feed the animals. waits to speak to them on a question their existence and comments on how England’. Farmer Jones is The animals hold a secret raised platform. The pigs sit and blames man for all Jones exploits them. He awoken by the uproar and meeting showing that they are at the front. He tells the their suffering. warns Boxer that he will be shoots at the barn to scared of him. animals that he has had a sold to the butchers. quieten the animals. dream. KEY QUOTES “Man is the

only real enemy “Mr Jones, of Manor “then the pigs, who we have. Remove Man from “Boxer, the very day that “The pellets buried Farm, [] was too settled down in the straw the scene, and the root those great muscles of yours themselves in the wall of drunk to remember to immediately in front of cause of hunger and lose their power, Jones will the barn and the meeting shut the pop-holes” the platform” overwork is abolished sell you to the knackers” broke up hurriedly.” forever.” KEY QUOTES PLOT Chapter 2 – Overthrowing the status quo After the death of Old Major, Among the pigs, Snowball The rebellion occurs when Snowball changes the sign The cows need milking. the animals spend their days and Napoleon are the most Jones again falls into a reading "Manor Farm" to The cows then give five secretly planning the important to the revolution. drunken sleep and neglects "Animal Farm" and paints buckets of milk,

which rebellion and the pigs are Mollie is concerned about to feed the animals. The the Seven Commandments disappears. placed in charge of her ribbons and Moses triumphant animals then of Animalism on the wall of educating the animals about speaks about a place called destroy all traces of Jones. the barn. Animalism. ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’. “The work teaching and “Comrade,” said Snowball, “Almost before they knew organising the others fell ‘those ribbons that you are what was happening, the naturally upon the pigs” so devoted to are the Rebellion had been that the milk had badge of slavery.” successfully carried through” disappeared.” “When they came back in ‘All animals are equal” the evening it was noticed PLOT Chapter 3 – Utopia? The animals cooperate to The pigs become the To help the animals finish the harvest. Boxer supervisors and directors of understand the general distinguishes himself as a the animal

workers. On precepts of Animalism, strong, tireless worker, Sundays, the animals meet Snowball reduces the Seven in the big barn to listen to Commandments to a single Snowball and Napoleon maxim: "Four legs good, two debate a number of topics. legs bad." KEY QUOTES admired by all the animals. When the animals object, The animals learn that the Squealer explains that the cows milk and wind fall pigs need the milk and apples are mixed every day apples to sustain themselves into the pigs mash. as they work for the benefit of all the other animals. “The animals had assumed “Milk and apples (this has “How they toiled and “The pigs did not actually “The birds did not as a matter of course that been proven by Science, sweated to get the hay in!” work, but directed and understand Snowball’s long these would be shared out comrades) contain substances supervised others.” words, but they accepted his equally:[] all the windfalls

absolutely necessary to the explanations” were to be collected [] for well-being of a pig.” the use of the pigs.” KEY QUOTES PLOT Chapter 4 – The Battle of the Cowshed A sheep dies and is given the As summer ends, news of Farmer Frederick and The animals are ready for the rebellion spreads to Pilkington reluctantly, but Farmer Jones attack. Snowball is not mentioned and Mollie honour of ‘Animal Hero, other farms. Farmer Jones out of fear of rebellion in had studied an old book on is hiding. Snowball and Second Class’. The animals has spend most of his time their own farms, decide to Julius Caesar’s campaigns. Boxer are very active in the then celebrate their victory in at the Red Lion in help Farmer Jones and his Snowball turns out to be an battle. Snowball is hurt by a what they call "The Battle of Willingdon. men. extraordinary tactician. bullet and Boxer thinks that the Cowshed.“ The animals he has killed someone. sing

‘Beasts of England’. “[Farmer Jones was] complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered” During the battle, Napoleon “both [Pilkinton and Frederick] were frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it.” “Snowball at the head of “I had no intention of doing them” that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes.” [Boxer] “It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the flagstaff , [] and to fire it twice a year” KEY QUOTES PLOT Chapter 5 – Napoleon seizes power! Winter comes, and Mollie The pigs increase their Snowball and Napoleon Napoleon calls out nine Napoleon then announces works less and less, and influence on the farm, continue their debates, the ferocious dogs, who chase that all debates will stop and eventually disappears. The deciding all questions of greatest of which occurs over Snowball off the farm. The

institutes a number of other pigeons report seeing her policy and then offering their the building of a windmill on a animals are terrified. new rules for the farm, but standing outside a pub, decisions to the animals, knoll. On the Sunday, the surprises everybody by sporting one of the ribbons that who must ratify them by a plan for the windmill is to be announcing that the she always coveted. majority vote. put to a vote. windmill will be built. “None of the animals ever “the pigs occupied “they [the animals] always “Silent and terrified, the mentioned Mollie again.” themselves with the found themselves in animals crept back into the “but there would be no planning out the work of the agreement with the one who barn. [] They were huge more debates” coming season.” was speaking at the moment” dogs, fierce-looking as wolves.” PLOT Chapter 6 – The Windmill During the following year, Napoleon announces that The pigs move

into the Boxer works the hardest at Napoleon tells the animals the animals work harder Animal Farm will begin farmhouse and begin ensuring the windmill is that Snowball is responsible than ever before trading with neighbouring sleeping in beds, which built and even works at for its ruin and then completing farm work farms and hires Mr. Squealer excuses on the night time.That November, declares that they will begin and building the windmill. Whymper. grounds that the pigs need a storm topples the half- rebuilding the windmill that their rest after the daily strain finished windmill. very morning. he [Squealer] said, that the “A terrible sight had met “Forward, comrades! Long pigs, who were the brains of their eyes. The windmill live the windmill! Long live the farm, should have a quiet was in ruins.” Animal Farm!” KEY QUOTES of running the farm. “He [Mr Whymper] was a “All that year the animals sly-looking little man [] The worked like

slaves.” animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread” “It was absolutely necessary, place to work in.” KEY QUOTES PLOT Chapter 7 – The Purge The weather gets worse. The The animals are facing Napoleon calls a meeting of The terrible bloodshed leaves Eventually, the singing of animals are led to believe that starvation and Squealer all the animals, during which the animals deeply shaken "Beasts of England" is Snowball is visiting the farm at announces that the he forces confessions from and confused. Boxer says outlawed and a new song night and spitefully subverting chickens’ eggs will have to all those who had that he would never have by Minimus, Napoleons their labour. He becomes a be sold. The chickens questioned him and then believed that such a thing pig-poet, is instituted. It is a constant (and imagined) threat rebel but their rebellion is has them murdered by the could happen on Animal nationalist anthem

for to the animals security. swiftly supressed. dogs. Farm. He blames himself Animal Farm. “It was a bitter winter. The “When the hens heard this “Immediately the dogs “These scenes of terror and stormy weather was they raised a terrible bounded forward, seized four slaughter were not what they “So ‘Beasts of England’ followed by sleet and snow.” outcry.” pigs by the ear and dragged had looked forwards to on that was heard no more.” them, squealing with pain night when Old Major first and terror” stirred them to rebellion” KEY QUOTES PLOT Chapter 8 – The Windmill is destroyed (again) The animals have to Napoleon schemes to sell a Frederick and 14 men arrive Squealer explains to the The pigs find a case of whiskey work harder than in pile of timber to Frederick, at Animal Farm and attempt bleeding animals that they in Jones’ cellar. Napoleon gets previous years. Squealer who tries to pay with a check. to take it by

force. The were actually victorious in ill from it and it is thought he shares with them false Napoleon, however, demands humans are initially what will hereafter be called had been poisoned. Napoleon figures about the cash, which he receives. successful, after they blow up "The Battle of the Windmill.“ gets better. The pigs change the increased production of Whymper then learns that the windmill. The animals are Boxer is severely injured commandment about drinking. food on the farm. Fredericks banknotes are completely enraged and drive during the battle. forgeries. the men from the farm. “Throughout that year the “The bank-notes were “they did not heed the cruel “In the general rejoicing the animals worked in the forgeries! Frederick had got pellets that swept over them unfortunate affair of the bank- previous year.” the timber for nothing.” like hail. It was a savage notes was forgotten.” battle.” “’No animal shall drink

alcohol’, but there were two words that they had forgotten [] ‘to excess’” PLOT Chapter 9 – Boxer’s end The animals begin building One day, however, he a new windmill. Their collapses because of a lung efforts are again led by ailment. After he is helped Boxer who, despite his split back to his stall, Squealer hoof, insists on working informs them that Napoleon harder and getting the has sent for the veterinarian windmill started before he at Willingdon to treat him. The van arrives to take Clover screams to Boxer to The chapter ends with a Boxer to the hospital, escape, but the old horse is grocers van delivering a however, Benjamin reads too weak to kick his way out crate of whisky to the pigs, its side and learns that of the van. Boxer is never who drink it all and do not Boxer is actually being seen again. Squealer speaks arise until after noon the taken to a knacker, or of Boxer’s honourable service following day. butcher. and

devotion to ‘Animal Farm’ KEY QUOTES retires. and Napoleon. “For a horse, it was said, “His eyes were glazed, his “‘Fools! Fools!’ shouted “‘I was ate his beside at the “the pigs had acquired the the pension would be five sides matted with sweat.” Benjamin [] ‘Do you not very last.[] He whispered money to buy themselves pounds of corn a day [] see what is written on the [] that his sole sorrow was another case of whisky.” possibly an apple on public side of the van?’” to have passed on before the holiday.” windmill was finished.’” KEY QUOTES PLOT Chapter 10 – The ultimate betrayal Years pass. Many animals One day, Squealer takes Napoleon soon appears as Only the last commandment The farmers praise the pigs and age and die, and few recall the sheep off to a remote well, walking upright; worse, remains: “all animals are express their regret for past the days before the spot to teach them a new he carries a

whip. Before equal.” However, it now “misunderstandings.” Napoleon Rebellion. The farm seems chant. Not long afterward, the other animals have a carries an addition: “but announces the change of the to have grown richer, but the animals gaze in chance to react to the some animals are more farm’s name back to ‘Manor only the many pigs and amazement at Squealer change, the sheep begin to equal than others.” Farm’. The pigs and men fall dogs live comfortable lives. walking toward them on his chant: “Four legs good, two hind legs. legs better!” “He [Squealer] was teaching “Napoleon himself, “All animals are equal but them [the sheep] to sing a majestically upright [] He some animals are more new song” carried a whip in his trotter.” equal than others.” out. The animals look confused “They [the animals] were generally hungry, they slept on straw [] in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies.”

“The creatures outside looked from pig to man [] but already it was impossible to say which was which.” CHARACTERS Farmer Jones Old Major The often-drunk owner of Manor Farm, later expelled An old boar whose speech about the evils from his land by his own animals. He dies in an perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into inebriates home after abandoning his hopes to reclaim rebelling. He introduces the ideals of Animalism and his farm. teaches the animals ‘Beasts of England’. Symbolic of Symbolic of Tsar Nicholas II. Karl Marx, putting forward the Communist ideals which will Embodies the tyranny of man. free them from the tyranny of capitalism. Monarchial rule and the divine rights of kings. Communism. Capitalism. Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary 1. Inadequate – unable to deal with a situation or 1. Idealistic – someone who believes whole-heartedly in with life. something, even if it is unrealistic. 2. Incompetent – not having the

necessary skills 2. Ingenuous – innocent, naïve and unworldly to do something successfully. 3. Socialist – the idea of collective effort and ownership 3. Inconsiderate – thoughtlessly causing pain or benefiting all and removing inequality. inconvenience to others. CHARACTERS Snowball Napoleon Snowball is one of the other leading pigs, who Napoleon is the pig who emerges as the leader challenges Napoleon for leadership of the farm of Animal Farm after the rebellion. He declares after the rebellion. He wants to educate the himself leader of ‘Animal Farm’. animals and spread the ideals of the revolution to other farms. Symbolic of Symbolic of Leon Trotsky. Joseph Stalin. Opposition in politics. Manipulative and dangerous dictators. Passionate about communism. Violence and the corruptive nature of power. Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary 1. Naive – showing a lack of experience or judgement 1. Shrewd – to judge a situation accurately and

turn it to your (Snowball is politically naïve). own advantage. 2. Brave – ready to face danger or pain 2. Tyrannical – using power in a cruel way or for your own 3. Tactical – relating to actions carefully planned to personal gain. gain a specific military end. 3. Callous – being cruel and unfeeling towards others CHARACTERS Squealer Clover A porker pig who becomes Napoleons A motherly horse who silently questions some of mouthpiece. Throughout the novel, he displays Napoleons decisions and tries to help Boxer his ability to manipulate the animals thoughts after his collapse. through the use of hollow yet convincing rhetoric. Symbolic of Symbolic of Soviet press, which Stalin controlled The female working class and throughout his rule. peasants of the Soviet Union. Propaganda abused by tyrannical regimes. Critical Vocabulary 1. Devious – using successfully dishonest methods to get your own way. 2. Calculating – acting in a scheming way 3.

Eloquent – fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing. Critical Vocabulary 1. Compassionate – showing sympathy and concern for others. 2. Concerned – worried and anxious for yourself or others. 3. Loyal – giving or showing firm and constant support or allegiance to a person. CHARACTERS Boxer Mollie A dedicated but dim-witted horse who aids in the A vain horse who prefers ribbons and sugar building of the windmill but is sold to a glue-boiler over ideas and rebellion. She is eventually lured after collapsing from exhaustion. off the farm with promises of a comfortable life. Symbolic of Symbolic of The male working class and peasants of the Soviet The bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years Union. after the Russian Revolution. . Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary 1. Devoted – very loving and loyal 1. Egocentric – thinking only of oneself, without regard for 2. Ingenuous – innocent and unsuspecting the feelings or desires of others. 3.

Steadfast – dutifully firm and committed to a cause 2. Spoilt – harmed in character by being treated too indulgently 3. Hedonistic – engaging in the pursuit of pleasure CHARACTERS Benjamin Moses A cynical, pessimistic donkey who continually A tame raven and sometimes-pet of Jones who undercuts the animals enthusiasm. He is aware of the tells the animals stories about a paradise called deceit of the pigs. Sugarcandy Mountain. He takes a bribes from the pigs to continue preaching on the farm. Symbolic of The aging Russian population. Symbolic of Russian Orthodox Church and Rasputin. Intelligentsia (intellectual or highly educated people. Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary 1. Cynical – believing that people are motivated 1. Opportunistic – exploiting immediate opportunities, purely by self-interest; distrustful. 2. Manipulative – influencing others through deceptive 2. Pessimistic – tending to see the worst aspect of or underhanded tactics.

things. 3. Unscrupulous – having or showing no moral 3. Indifferent – unconcerned or uninterested principles. MINOR CHARACTERS Farmer Frederick Farmer Mr Pilkington Whymper • • An enemy of Pilkington and owner of Pinchfield, another neighboring farm. • The owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring and A solicitor hired by Napoleon Frederick swindles Napoleon by buying neglected farm. He eventually sells some of to act as an intermediary in timber from him with counterfeit money. He his land to Napoleon and, in the novels final later tries to attack and seize Animal Farm scene, toasts to Napoleons success. Animal Farms trading with neighbouring farms. but is defeated. • • He is symbolic of Russia’s tensions with He is symbolic of Britain’s relationship with Russia. Germany/Hitler. Sheep • • The sheep learn all of the simple Dogs • The nine puppies born between Jessie slogans. and Bluebell are taken by Napoleon They are symbolic of

the people and raised to be his guard dogs. that are easily manipulated by propaganda and that don’t think for themselves. • They are symbolic of NKVD – Stalin’s police force. Hens • Symbolic of Stalin’s opposition or peasant farmers. • In the Moscow Show trial, Stalin forced people to confess falsely and publicly to crimes that they never committed, often after psychological torment and torture. THEMES & CONTEXT: CLASS In Animal Farm, Orwell uses the animals to highlight the hardships of the working classes. • The Revolution that came in 1917 sought to overthrow the Tsar and change the balance of society to give power back to the working class. The plot of Animal Farm closely parallels these events. • Orwell uses Mr Jones as a symbol for the • Before the Revolution of 1917, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia. • The ruling classes had money and power, whilst most of the population were poor, exploited Emperor - to highlight how lazy and neglectful the

Tsar was. The animals each represent a different section of society at the time - they are a metaphor for what happened to the people. peasant workers or from the working class. • These people lived in terrible conditions and • The Rebellion on the farm seeks to change this, what they farmed was taken from them leaving but the revolutionary pigs soon adopt the ways them to face starvation and poverty. of the ruling class that they sought to abolish. THEMES & CONTEXT: EQUALITY POLITICAL POWER In Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that equality is an idealistic dream and that it will never be achieved. • • Before 1917, the majority of In Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that power corrupts. Power is transferrable, thus leading to repeated corrupt governments. • After the Rebellion the animals Russian people suffered from are free from the tyranny of Mr great inequality - they had far less Jones and seek to establish money and food than the ruling equality

amongst themselves. classes. One of the Commandments is Likewise, before the rebellion in All animals are equal. Animal Farm Mr Jones takes • However, this equality is short- everything that the animals have lived and the pigs begin to bend away from them. the rules until inequality returns to the farm. • Orwell explores political power - Mr • However, power ultimately Jones owns the farm and the corrupts and characters like animals and uses his men and Napoleon who desire total power whips to keep them under control and control use their power in a and maintain his power. negative way. • Orwell shows that the animals have • Orwell suggests that even the power to challenge Mr Jones though new governments may be control and take over the farm - established to end tyranny, that using power in a positive way. tyranny will inevitably return because where there is power there is corruption. THEMES & CONTEXT: INTELLECTUAL POWER RULES In

Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that rules can easily be changed by those in power. Rules are also used to control the animals. • • Animal Farm, the animals get rid In Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that those who are intelligent will gain power and will always be able to control others. • However, these rules are slowly • He is suggesting that it is • Orwell also criticizes those who of an old set of rules just to find and easily changed by the pigs. important for the working class to are intellectually powerful themselves oppressed by a new The pigs, because they are educate themselves so that they (Benjamin and Moses) and are one. intellectually superior, can can combat the manipulation and fully aware of the pigs’ deceit but At first, new commandments and change the rules to improve brainwashing of tyrannical do nothing about it: traditions are supposed to their own quality of life whilst governments and rulers. energise and unite the animals.

exploiting the other animals. • Benjamin refuses to read In the novel Orwell regularly and help the animals as the Orwell demonstrates how reminds us of the animals commandments are being ideas of Animalism and ensuring instead of preserving order, stupidity as they believe whatever changed. equality within the farm. rules are used to deceive and the pigs say. The rules are shaped around • abuse. • • Moses profits from lying and deceiving the animals. Timeline of Russian History compared to ‘Animal Farm’ (allegory) 1.Russian Revolution and the abdication of RUSSIA Nicholas II 7. NKVD helped Stalin 10. German from Soviet Union carry out purges invasion of Russia 2. Russian Civil War 5. Stalin adopts Trotsky’s 8. Moscow Trials (show 11. Stalin replaces “The Soviet Five-Year Plan trials) of Stalin’s opponents Internationale” with the “National 3. Lenin presents 6. Peasants burned crops and 9. Molotov-Ribbentrop his April

Theses slaughtered livestock rather Pact between Russia 1929 1917 ANIMAL FARM 4. Trotsky banished than giving it to the state. 4. Snowball is chases 1. Animals oust Mr 1930 away by the dogs 1945 10. Mr Frederick and his men destroy the windmill 8. Napoleon executes 11. Napoleon replaces Snowballs plans to four pigs – they confess ‘Beasts of England’ with build a windmill to crimes ‘Comrade Napoleon’. 3. Seven Commandments of Animalism 1939 to the division of Germany opposition 5. Napoleon adopts 2. Battle of Cowshed 7. Dogs assist Napoleon 12. Postdam Conference leads 1944 and Germany identifying the Jones after he fails to feed them 1934 Anthem of the Soviet Union” 6. Hens smash their 9. Napoleon makes a 12. Treaty with eggs and rebel pack with Mr Frederick Pilkington ORWELL’S USE OF METHODS Pathetic Fallacy: the attribution of human emotion to the weather. Structure: Satire: the use of humour, irony and/or ridicule to

expose and criticise people’s and society’s stupidity or vices. Allegory: a story with a symbolic or hidden meaning. Cyclical narrative: where ideas/events are repeated at the start and the end of piece of writing. Anthropomorphism: the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour to a god, animal or object. Dystopia: an imagined state or society in which there is great Orwell uses a cyclical structure in ‘Animal Farm’ as the animals live miserable lives at the start and at the end. Orwell could be suggesting that: • Power is transferable • Equality is unachievable • There is no hope for the working class because they are always easily exploited by those in power. Settings: suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian. Rhetoric: the art of persuasive speaking or writing, especially in using literary devices. Omniscient narrator: the narrative voice know all the thoughts, actions and feelings of all character. Knoll: The knoll, Orwell uses it to

show Moral: concerned with choosing right and wrong behaviour. Farm House: a symbol of fear for the where the windmill how far life on the farm Propaganda: information that is biased or misleading to promote a animals, as it represents Jones and was built, is the place has moved away from point of view. other humans. when the pigs move into the animals seem to those early idealistic days Fairy tale: a children’s story about magical and imaginary beings and the farmhouse, Orwell is highlighting congregate in when the animals were in lands. their corruption, abuse of power and moments of great joy ‘ecstasy’ with the thought Fable: a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a ultimate betrayal of the other animals. or great sadness. that everything ‘they moral message. could see was theirs’. A good literature response: Discuss the writer What’s the writer used or done? Include quotations/evidence Orwell presents power as

dangerous as he In chapter 10, by the end of the novel, suggests that power corrupts individuals. In Napoleon is described as carrying a the novella, Farmer Jones’ power over the ‘whip in his trotter’. animals is transferred to the pigs, who the repeated use of the symbol of the ‘whips’ emphasises transferable nature of power. Napoleon, like Farmer Jones, has become a cruel and tyrannical misuse this power to their own advantage to leader. acquire luxuries. Through Napoleon, Orwell shows how giving all power to one ruler can Why? Engage with readers and context ultimately be really dangerous. Zoom in on key words The reader is left feeling dislike for Napoleon as he is abusing the position of The use of the noun ‘whip’ symbolises the trust given to him by the animals. The violence used by those in power to animals’ reaction of shock and disbelief oppress the lower working classes. The as they see Napoleon walking ‘upright’ word ‘whips’

creates an image of slavery and reminds the reader of the dominance and carrying a ‘whip’ makes the reader equally astonished and angry at pigs of the pigs over the animals. Orwell uses behaviour. Furthermore, as readers we this imagery to emphasise the inequality are made to feel fear as Napoleon is a between leaders and their people, but also figure that the animals trust, like the how leaders use power to subjugate their people showing their treatment as unfair. Russian working class trusted Stalin and were ultimately betrayed by him. What lessons do we learn? Orwell is warning his readers about giving too much power and trust to just one individual or group (such as governments). Through Napoleon’s use of the ‘whip’, Orwell criticises monarchies, dictatorships or any autocratic institution, as they will always use power for personal gain rather than benefitting the people