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Source: http://www.doksinet Overseas driver crashes 2015 ISBN: 000-0-000-00000-0 (Online) Source: http://www.doksinet Disclaimer All reasonable endeavours are made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this report. However, the information is provided without warranties of any kind including accuracy, completeness, timeliness or fitness for any particular purpose. The Ministry of Transport excludes liability for any loss, damage or expense, direct or indirect, and however caused, whether through negligence or otherwise, resulting from any person or organisations use of, or reliance on, the information provided in this report. Under the terms of the New Zealand Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (BY) licence, this document, and the information contained within it, can be copied, distributed, adapted and otherwise used provided that –  the Ministry of Transport is attributed as the source of the material  the material is not misrepresented or distorted through selective

use of the material  images contained in the material are not copied The terms of the Ministry’s Copyright and disclaimer apply. Additional information Enquires relating to crash statistics may be directed to the Ministry of Transport, PO Box 3175, Wellington, or by email on info@transport.govtnz For more information about road safety, visit the Ministry of Transport website at www.transportgovtnz A selection of fact sheets is available via the research section of the Ministry of Transport website. 2 Source: http://www.doksinet Contents Contents . 3 Overseas licence holders in crashes – Summary statistics . 4 Introduction. 6 Overview . 6 Time series . 7 Regional variations . 7 Types of drivers . 9 Road types and types of crashes . 11 Causes . 14 Vehicles . 16 Time of day. 19 Seasonal variation . 20 Selected countries . 21 Appendix 1 . 28 Fatal crashes involving overseas drivers . 28 Injury crashes involving overseas drivers . 28 Overseas drivers involved in fatal crashes .

29 Overseas drivers involved in injury crashes . 29 Deaths in crashes involving overseas drivers . 30 Injuries in crashes involving overseas drivers . 30 Fatal and injury crashes . 31 Terminology . 31 Appendix 2: Visitor numbers for context . 32 3 Source: http://www.doksinet Overseas licence holders in crashes – Summary statistics  Over the 5 years, 2010-2014, 5.7 percent of fatal and injury crashes involved an overseas licence holder Over the same time-period, 3.8 percent of all drivers involved in crashes were overseas licence holders  At a local level the proportion of crashes that involve an overseas licence holder can vary markedly due to regional differences in the size of the visitor and immigrant populations and their driving patterns. In the South Island tourist areas crashes involving an overseas driver make up a quarter or more of all road crashes.  About three-quarters of overseas licence holders in crashes (78 percent) are short-term visitors to New Zealand,

13 percent are overseas students and 9 percent are migrants. (Visitor status is not recorded for about 40 percent of overseas licence holders).  The South Island has the highest proportion of short-term visitors in crashes (86 percent of overseas licence holders in crashes). For Auckland, only half the overseas licence holders in crashes are short-term visitors. Auckland has the highest proportion of new migrants (23 percent) and the highest proportion of overseas students (28 percent).  The majority (68 percent) of short-term visitor crashes are on the open road, with two thirds of those being on state highways. For short-term visitors about a third of their urban crashes are on state highways, the major through routes in urban areas. For new migrants and students the pattern is much more similar to New Zealand licence holders with about 40 percent of crashes on the open road and less than 15 percent of urban crashes on state highways.  At a national level over half (58

percent) of overseas licence holder crashes are on the open road but the pattern varies markedly between regions. For the West Coast and Southland regions about 90 percent of crashes are on the open road. The comparable figure for Wellington and Auckland is 34 percent  About a third of at-fault overseas licence holders failed to adjust to New Zealand rules or conditions. This rises to about a half for fatal crashes.  Overseas licence holders (5 percent – 7 percent for drivers from countries that drive on the right and 3 percent for countries that drive on the left) are more likely to fail to keep left than New Zealand drivers (2.3 percent). For fatal crashes these rise to 18 percent for overseas licence holders and 12 percent for New Zealand drivers.  For drivers involved in crashes, rental vehicle use by overseas licence holders (36 percent) is much higher than for other drivers (1 percent). Overseas licence holders make up nearly two-thirds (64 percent) of rental vehicle

drivers in fatal and injury crashes.  The use of rental vehicles is not spread evenly around the country. Rental vehicle drivers make up over two-thirds of overseas licence holders in crashes in the West Coast (72 percent) and Southland regions (70 percent). The lowest proportion of overseas drivers in rental vehicles is in Wellington (18 percent) and Auckland (11 percent).  There is a much stronger seasonal variation in crashes for overseas licence holders than for New Zealand drivers. This is particularly so for short-term visitors who have over twice as many crashes in the 3 months January to March as in the 3 months May to July.  The top 6 countries in terms of the number of drivers in crashes are Australia, Germany, UK, China, India and the USA. Combined, these 6 countries contribute over half (55 percent) of the overseas drivers in crashes. 4 Source: http://www.doksinet  The relative importance of these 6 countries has changed markedly over the last 10 years. The

number of drivers from the UK has more than halved and the numbers from both China and India have more than doubled. There have been similar changes in the country of origin of short-term visitors to New Zealand  The mix of visitors, students and migrants is quite different for drivers from these 6 countries. So too is the age/sex profile, the use of rental vehicles and the regions and roads they crash on. 5 Source: http://www.doksinet Introduction In this crash fact sheet we present information on the crash involvement of people driving on an overseas licence and how this has changed over time. The information here is limited to overseas drivers. Overseas drivers are identified in the Crash Analysis System (CAS) by their licence status. Visitor status information is not collected for passengers, cyclists, pedestrians or other road users injured in road crashes. The crash data for 2014 was extracted from CAS on 9 June 2015 A person can drive on an appropriate overseas licence or

international permit for up to 12 months in New Zealand (from when they last entered New Zealand), however they must convert it to a New Zealand licence if they wish to drive after this time. While some information is gathered on whether the driver on an overseas licence is a shortterm visitor, student, or migrant, this is not always known Overview In 2014 overseas drivers (those with an overseas drivers licence) were involved in 16 fatal traffic crashes, 100 1 serious injury crashes and 436 minor injury crashes. Of these crashes, the overseas driver was at fault in 15 of the fatal crashes, 78 of the serious injury crashes and 332 of the minor injury crashes, resulting in 22 deaths, 118 serious injuries and 551 minor injuries. Over the 5 years, 2010-2014, 5.7 percent of all fatal and injury crashes involved an overseas licence holder Over the same time period, 3.8 percent of all drivers involved in crashes were overseas licence holders Crashes with overseas licence holders as a

percentage of all crashes 94.3% 1 5.7% Crashes with an overseas licence holder Overseas licence holders as a percentage of all drivers involved in crashes 96.2% 3.8% Overseas licence holders The determination of fault for a crash is based on crash movements and crash cause factors assigned in the Crash Analysis System. It is not based on legal liability or court conviction See terminology section 6 Source: http://www.doksinet Time series Percent of crashes that involve an overseas licence holder an overseas licence holder was involved an overseas driver did not adjust to local conditions an overseas licence holder was at fault 7% % of crashes where. 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year Not all overseas drivers involved in crashes are at fault, and only a minority of those at-fault drivers crashed because they failed to adapt to New Zealand driving conditions (for instance,

driving on the wrong side of the road or not understanding give way rules). Most overseas drivers crash for the same reasons as New Zealand drivers The graph above shows the proportion of fatal and injury crashes where an overseas driver was involved, the proportion where an overseas driver was at fault, and the proportion where an overseas driver failed to adapt to New Zealand driving conditions. Regional variations While nationally only 6 percent of crashes involved an overseas driver, at a local level the proportion and scale can vary markedly due to regional differences in the size of the visitor and immigrant populations and their driving patterns. The following table lists the top 22 local bodies, firstly based on the number of crashes involving overseas drivers (left) and then by the proportion of crashes in that region that involve an overseas driver. In the South Island tourist areas, crashes involving an overseas driver are a significant proportion of the crashes, but the

largest number of crashes involving overseas drivers is in Auckland, the biggest population centre. The South Island has 41 percent of all the crashes that involve overseas drivers. By comparison the South Island has just over a quarter (27 percent) of all New Zealand road crashes. 7 Source: http://www.doksinet Top 22 local bodies by fatal and injury crashes involving overseas drivers (2010–2014) Top 22 by number of crashes involving overseas drivers Crashes Percentage of involving crashes that Local body overseas involved an drivers overseas driver Top 22 by proportion of crashes involving overseas drivers Crashes Percentage of involving crashes that Local body overseas involved an drivers overseas driver Auckland 681 5% Westland 68 38% Christchurch 192 5% Mackenzie 30 27% Southland 153 24% Queenstown-Lakes 107 25% Queenstown-Lakes 107 25% Southland 153 24% Dunedin 82 5% Kaikoura 22 21% Far North 80 9% Central Otago 39 16% Westland 68 38%

Buller 26 15% Waikato 58 5% Hurunui 39 13% Hamilton 56 4% Waitaki 47 12% Tasman 52 11% Ashburton 36 12% Marlborough 51 10% Tasman 52 11% Rotorua 50 7% Clutha 45 11% Western BoP 48 8% Thames-Coromandel 40 11% Waitaki 47 12% Waitomo 26 11% Clutha 45 11% Marlborough 51 10% Taupo 44 8% Ruapehu 31 10% Wellington 42 3% Far North 80 9% Selwyn 42 8% Grey 20 9% Thames-Coromandel 40 11% Selwyn 42 8% Tauranga 39 4% Taupo 44 8% Hurunui 39 13% Western BoP 48 8% Central Otago 39 16% Otorohanga 12 8% 8 Source: http://www.doksinet Types of drivers How many are tourists? y While there is some information on whether Migrant 9% Note: 41% of overseas licence holders are not categorised on crash forms and are not included on this chart overseas licence holders are short-term visitors, students, or migrants, this is not always known. Student 13% At a national level, visitor status is not recorded for 41

percent of overseas licence holders in crashes. For the drivers that have visitor status recorded about three-quarters (78 percent) are short-term Visitor 78% visitors to New Zealand, 13 percent are overseas students and 9 percent are migrants. The following graph shows that, for overseas licence holders involved in crashes, the mix of visitors, students and migrants varies across the country. ) visitor status Overseas drivers involved in crashes –( by region and Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland Visitor Immigrant Student Unknown 0 200 400 600 800 Crash reports from Auckland are least likely to identify whether or not an overseas licence holder is a short-term visitor – for Auckland, visitor status is unknown for 69 percent of overseas licence holders in crashes. For those overseas licence holders in crashes where the visitor status is recorded: 

Auckland has the highest proportion of new migrants (23 percent) and also the highest proportion of overseas students (28 percent). Only half (50 percent) are short-term visitors  The South Island has the highest proportion of short-term visitors (86 percent), ranging from 82 percent in Canterbury to 94 percent on the West Coast. The South Island has 42 percent of all the crashes that involve overseas licence holders and 59 percent of visitor crashes. 9 Source: http://www.doksinet The graph below shows the top 22 countries for drivers involved in fatal or injury crashes, and indicates which of these countries drive on the right hand side of the road. Nine of the countries shown drive on the left hand side of 2 the road . Country of origin of overseas licence holders involved in fatal or injury crashes Visitor Migrant Student Unknown AUSTRALIA GERMANY* UK CHINA* INDIA USA* FRANCE* Country of origin FIJI CANADA* PHILIPPINES* KOREA* ARGENTINA* SINGAPORE NETHERLANDS* IRELAND

SWITZERLAND* SAMOA Note: 217 drivers had no country of origin recorded. * indicate countries which drive on the right hand side. BRAZIL* CZECH REPUBLIC* TAIWAN* MALAYSIA JAPAN 0 2 50 100 150 200 250 Number of drivers 300 350 400 Samoa changed from driving on the right to driving on the left in 2009. 10 Source: http://www.doksinet Road types and types of crashes Over half (58 percent) of overseas licence holder crashes are on the open road (speed limit 80km/h or higher). The pattern is different for visitors and new migrants. The majority (68 percent) of visitor crashes are on the open road, with two thirds of those being on state highways. For visitors about a third of their urban crashes are on state highways, the major through routes in urban areas. For new migrants and students the pattern is much more similar to New Zealand licence holders with about 40 percent of crashes on the open road and less than 15 percent of urban crashes on state highways. Overseas drivers

involved in crashes – by road type and visitor status Unknown Motorway Immigrant Open road state highway Other open road Urban state highway Student Other urban Visitor 0 500 1000 1500 The two biggest crash types for overseas licence holders are intersection collisions (32 percent) and single vehicle ‘loss of control or run off road’ crashes (31 percent). These are followed by ‘rear end or collision with obstruction crashes’ (15 percent) and head-on crashes (13 percent). Over 80 percent of single vehicle ‘loss of control or run off road’ and head-on crashes occur on the open road. Over two-thirds of intersection crashes are on urban roads. 11 Source: http://www.doksinet yp –( by road type ) and crash type Overseas drivers involved in crashes Overtaking Motorway Open road state highway Head-on Other open road Lostcontrol-Of froad Urban state highway Other urban Rearend-Obstruction Intersection Pedestrian Other 0 1000 500 1500 Crashes that occur in

the higher speed environment of the open road are more likely to result in death or serious injury than urban crashes. For overseas drivers about 90 percent of fatal crashes are on the open road; 69 percent on open road state highways and 24 percent on other open roads. Over two thirds (72%) of serious injury crashes and just over a half (53 percent) of minor injury crashes are on the open road. Overseas drivers involved in crashes – by road type and crash severity Motorway Open road state highway Fatal Other open road Serious injury Minor injury Urban state highway Other urban 0 500 1000 12 Source: http://www.doksinet At a national level over half (58 percent) of overseas licence holder crashes are on the open road but the pattern varies markedly between regions. For the West Coast and Southland regions about 90 percent of crashes are on the open road. The comparable figure for Wellington and Auckland is 34 percent Overseas drivers involved in crashes – by road type and

region Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Motorway Gisborne Open road state highway Hawkes Bay Taranaki Other open road Manawatu/Wanganui Urban state highway Wellington Other urban Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland 0 200 400 600 800 13 Source: http://www.doksinet Causes The table below shows the driver factors that contributed to crashes for at-fault drivers. The numbers for New Zealand drivers are shown for comparison to overseas licence holders. The percentage of at-fault drivers with each contributing factor is shown in the following graph. Driver factors contributing to crashes for at-fault drivers 2010-2014 Fatal and injury crashes Driver factors contributing to the crash Overseas licence holders NZ drivers Fatal crashes Overseas licence holders NZ drivers Driver lost control 731 12020 29 512 Overseas driver failed to adjust to NZ rules/conditions 696 49 35 1 Failed to give way or stop 600 10641 11 126 Did not

see other party 386 8742 8 119 Inattention or attention diverted 349 9263 7 183 Too fast for conditions 276 6865 15 375 Too far left 196 2703 9 102 Driver tired or fell asleep 150 2784 9 173 Inexperienced 134 3544 3 87 Failed to keep left 105 961 12 136 Alcohol/drugs 101 6408 3 390 Following too close 88 3390 0 4 Misjudged speed, distance etc 87 1570 0 21 Suddenly braked or turned 72 1178 1 17 Forbidden movements 61 198 4 17 Overtaking 26 749 4 35 Illness/Disability 25 1789 0 83 Incorrect use of vehicle controls 18 636 0 10 Wrong lane or turned from wrong position 14 233 1 3 Failed to signal in time 8 83 0 1 Showing off / racing 4 366 0 17 Total number of at-fault drivers in crashes 2081 42381 68 1163 Number from countries that drive on the right 1009 36 Note: There can be more than one factor for each driver. About a third of at-fault overseas licence holders failed to adjust to New

Zealand rules or conditions. This rises to about a half for fatal crashes. ‘Failing to adjust’ includes such things as driving on the wrong side of the road and not understanding give way rules. 14 Source: http://www.doksinet Overseas licence holders (5 percent – 7 percent for drivers from countries that drive on the right and 3 percent for countries that drive on the left) are more likely to fail to keep left than New Zealand drivers (2.3 percent) For fatal crashes these rise to 18 percent for overseas licence holders and 12 percent for New Zealand drivers. About half the overseas licence holders at-fault in crashes are from countries that drive on the right. There can be many reasons for being on the wrong side of the road including driving too fast, inattention and fatigue. The number of New Zealand at-fault drivers in crashes who fail to keep left is about 10 times the number of overseas licence holders who fail to keep left. Another major difference is that overseas

licence holders (5 percent) are less likely to be affected by alcohol and drugs than New Zealand drivers (15 percent). For fatal crashes these rise to 4 percent and 34 percent respectively Factors contributing to crashes Driver lost control Overseas driver f ailed to adjust Failed to give way or stop Did not see other party Inattention or attention diverted Too f ast f or conditions Too f ar lef t Driver tired or f ell asleep Inexperienced Failed to keep lef t Overseas licence holders Alcohol/drugs Following too close Misjudged speed, distance etc NZ drivers Suddenly braked or turned Forbidden movements Overtaking Illness/Disability Incorrect use of vehicle controls Wrong lane or turned f rom Failed to signal in time Showing of f / racing 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Percent of at-fault drivers 15 Source: http://www.doksinet Vehicles Most overseas drivers involved in crashes (74 percent) are driving a car. About 13 percent are driving vans The ‘Other’ category on the graph

below are mainly bigger campervans. Overseas drivers involved in crashes – rental vehicles by vehicle type Car Van Rental vehicle SUV Other vehicle not owned by the driver Other vehicle owned by the driver Unknown Motorcycle Truck Bus Other 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Overall, where the vehicle ownership is recorded on the crash report, just over a third (36 percent) of overseas drivers are driving rental vehicles. This varies by vehicle type About a third of cars, SUVs and motorbikes are rentals compared to about a half of vans. For drivers involved in crashes, rental vehicle use by overseas licence holders (36 percent) is much higher than for other drivers (1 percent). So overseas licence holders make up nearly two thirds (64 percent) of rental vehicle drivers in fatal and injury crashes. As can be seen in the table and graph below, visitors are much more likely to be driving rental vehicles (over a half – 56 percent) than students (14 percent) or new migrants (1 percent).

Vehicle ownership Vehicle ownership (from Crash Analysis System) Type of overseas licence holder Unknown Rental vehicle Other vehicle not owned by the driver Other vehicle owned by the driver Unknown Total Rental as a percent of known ownership 230 330 435 151 1146 23% Migrant 2 49 89 15 155 1% Student 25 47 109 40 221 14% Visitor 624 245 245 191 1305 56% Total 909 715 899 444 2967 36% 16 Source: http://www.doksinet Overseas drivers involved in crashes – rental vehicles by visitor status Unknown Rental vehicle Migrant Other vehicle not owned by the driver Other vehicle owned by the driver Unknown Student Visitor 0 1000 500 1500 Rental vehicle use varies markedly by country of origin. Overseas drivers involved in crashes – rental vehicles by country of origin AUSTRALIA GERMANY UK CHINA INDIA USA FRANCE FIJI Rental vehicle CANADA PHILIPPINES Other vehicle not owned by the driver KOREA ARGENTINA Other vehicle owned by the

driver SINGAPORE NETHERLANDS IRELAND Unknown SWITZERLAND SAMOA BRAZIL CZECH REPUBLIC JAPAN MALAYSIA TAIWAN 0 100 200 300 400 For the six countries with the greatest number of drivers in crashes, the percentage of drivers in rental vehicles is shown in the following table. 17 Source: http://www.doksinet Percentage of crash involved drivers that are driving a rental vehicle (where vehicle ownership is known). Country Percent driving a rental USA 55% Australia 41% Germany 35% UK 31% China 29% India 12% The use of rental vehicles is not spread evenly around the country. Over half of the overseas drivers that crash in rental vehicles are in the South Island. Rental vehicle drivers make up over two-thirds of overseas licence holders in crashes in the West Coast (72 percent) and Southland regions (70 percent). The lowest proportion of overseas drivers in rental vehicles is in Wellington (18 percent) and Auckland (11 percent). Overseas drivers involved in crashes

– rental vehicles by region Northland Auckland Waikato Rental vehicle Bay of Plenty Gisborne Other vehicle not owned by the driver Hawkes Bay Taranaki Other vehicle owned by the driver Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Unknown Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland 0 200 400 600 800 For overseas drivers, most rental vehicle crashes are on open road state highways (54 percent) and other open roads (21 percent). A further 10 percent occur on the urban sections of state highways that pass through built-up areas. Half the overseas drivers that crash on state highways or other open roads are in rental vehicles. This compares to only 13 percent on motorways and other urban roads. 18 Source: http://www.doksinet Time of day The following graph and table show the spread of crashes across the hours of the day for both New Zealand drivers and overseas licence holders. For visitors the number of crashes peaks in early to mid-afternoon. For overseas students and new

migrants the pattern is more similar to New Zealand drivers with morning and afternoon commuter peaks. Time of day for overseas licence holder crashes y 12% NZ drivers 10% Students and Migrants Overseas visitors 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of day Crashes by time of day. Percent of all drivers in crashes Day Evening Night (0600-1759) (1800-2159) (2200-0559) NZ drivers Weekend Percent of weekend crashes that are at night 73% 16% 11% 30% 21% Visitors 79% 16% 4% 30% 7% Students and migrants 69% 21% 9% 32% 17% Overseas drivers For visitors, 79 percent of crashes are during the day (6am to 6 pm) and only 4 percent are late night (10pm to 6am). This compares to 73 percent during the day and 11 percent at night for New Zealand drivers For overseas students and new migrants 9 percent are at night. The proportion of crashes that occur during the weekend (Friday evening to early morning Monday) is similar

(about 30 percent) for all groups. The proportion of weekend crashes that occur late night is much lower for visitors (7 percent) than for students/migrants (17 percent) and New Zealand drivers (21 percent). 19 Source: http://www.doksinet Seasonal variation There is a much stronger seasonal variation in crashes for overseas licence holders than for New Zealand drivers. This is particularly so for short-term visitors who have over twice as many crashes in the 3 months January to March as in the 3 months May to July. Half of all visitor crashes occur in the 4 months from December to March Crashes by month 16% Students and migrants 14% Visitors 12% NZ drivers 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 20 Source: http://www.doksinet Selected countries This section looks in more detail at the top 6 countries, each of which contribute more than 5 percent of the overseas drivers involved in crashes (2010-2014). Combined, these 6 countries contribute

over half (55 percent) of the overseas drivers in crashes. The graph below shows the number of drivers involved in crashes each year from 2005, the first year for which information on country of origin for overseas licence holders in crashes is available. Overseas licence holders involved in crashes Overseas licence holders involved in crashes – selected countries 140 120 100 80 AUSTRALIA CHINA GERMANY 60 UK INDIA 40 USA 20 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year The relative importance of the selected countries has changed markedly over the 10 years. The number of drivers from the UK has more than halved and the numbers from both China and India have more than doubled. The mix of visitors, students and migrants is quite different for these countries. For the USA and Australia over 90 percent are visitors while for India the number of visitors and migrants are about equal and over 40 percent are students. These results should be treated as

indicative as the percentage of drivers with no visitor status recorded on the crash report varies from about a quarter to a half (see the table below). Visitor status (where status is recorded) USA INDIA CHINA Migrant UK Student Visitor GERMANY AUSTRALIA 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 21 Source: http://www.doksinet Overseas drivers in crashes by visitor status 2010-2014 Visitor status Country Unknown Migrant Student Visitor % with unknown status Total Australia 142 9 7 195 353 40% Germany 66 5 20 194 285 23% 112 17 10 132 271 41% China 87 4 43 92 226 38% India 112 30 42 31 215 52% USA 56 5 7 125 193 29% UK There are also marked differences in the age profiles for drivers from these 6 countries. For China and India, with a bigger proportion of migrants and students, about 45 percent of drivers are under 25 years old over three-quarters (90 percent for India) are under 35. German licence holders in crashes are also young, about

half are under 25 and three-quarters are under 35. For the other countries there is a more even spread across age groups Age profile of overseas drivers in crashes USA 15-24 INDIA 25-34 CHINA 35-44 UK 45-54 GERMANY 55-64 65+ AUSTRALIA 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Female India Male Female China USA Age and sex of overseas drivers in crashes Female Male 15-24 25-34 Male Australia Germany UK 35-44 Female 45-54 Male 55-64 Female 65+ Male Female Male 0 50 100 150 200 250 22 Source: http://www.doksinet There are also marked differences in the male/female breakdown for drivers from these 6 countries. The percentage of drivers that are female ranges from 20 percent for India to 42 percent for Germany. For other countries the percentages are; China 28 percent, USA 32 percent, Australia 34 percent and UK 38 percent. Generally the percentage of female drivers reduces with age. Over half the under 25 year old drivers from Germany (52 percent) and the USA (62

percent) are female. The following graphs show the age profiles broken down by visitor status. Age profile by visitor status Australia Germany Visitor Visitor Student Student Migrant Migrant Unknown Unknown 0 100 200 0 UK Visitor Student Student Migrant Migrant Unknown Unknown 50 100 0 India 50 100 USA Visitor Visitor Student Student Migrant Migrant Unknown Unknown 0 200 China Visitor 0 100 50 100 15-24 25-34 0 35-44 45-54 55-64 50 100 65+ Note: different axes used for the country graphs to best display age profiles Germany has the highest proportion of visitors (51 percent) under 25 years old. About three-quarters of German visitors are under 35. 23 Source: http://www.doksinet India has the highest proportion of visitors (84 percent) under 35 years old. Nearly three-quarters of those are over 25. For both the UK and China about 60 percent of visitors are under 35. This is split fairly evenly between those under and over 25. For

Australia and the USA there is a more even spread of visitor numbers across all age groups, with about 40 percent or less below age 35. The table and graph below show that vehicle ownership and rental vehicle use varies markedly by country. Vehicle ownership for overseas licence holders in crashes Vehicle ownership (from Crash Analysis System) Rental vehicle Country Other vehicle not owned by the driver Other vehicle owned by the driver Unknown Total Rental as a percent of known ownership Australia 144 96 60 53 353 48% Germany 100 58 79 48 285 42% UK 85 69 80 37 271 36% China 65 35 91 35 226 34% India 25 55 101 34 215 14% USA 107 36 31 19 193 61% Vehicle ownership for drivers in crashes USA Rental vehicle INDIA Other vehicle not owned by the driver CHINA UK Other vehicle owned by the driver GERMANY Unknown AUSTRALIA 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Based on the vehicles where ownership is recorded, drivers from the USA (61 percent)

and Australia (48 percent) are much more likely to be driving a rental vehicle than drivers from China (34 percent) or India (14 percent). About half the drivers from China (48 percent) and India (56 percent) were driving their own vehicle. In an earlier section we saw that visitors are more likely than migrants or students to be driving rental vehicles. The following graph shows vehicle ownership for overseas licence holders who are identified as visitors. The variation between countries is not as great as when migrants and students were included. 24 Source: http://www.doksinet Vehicle ownership for ‘visitors’ in crashes USA Rental vehicle INDIA Other vehicle not owned by the driver CHINA UK Other vehicle owned by the driver GERMANY Unknown AUSTRALIA 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Based on the vehicles where ownership is recorded; rental vehicle use ranges from over 60 percent for visitors from the USA (71 percent), China (65 percent) and Australia (63 percent) down to

half or less for visitors from the UK (50 percent) and Germany (43 percent). There are further differences between age groups within each country group. One example is for young German drivers. About half the German visitors in crashes are under 25 and only one in five of those are driving rental vehicles. Most are driving vehicles owned by the driver (53 percent) or some other private owner (28 percent), possibly another occupant of the vehicle. As can be seen in the following graphs there is a large variation in the regional spread of crashes for drivers from the selected countries. The graphs show visitors and other overseas drivers separately Drivers with unknown visitor status are included in the other category, along with students and migrants. 25 Source: http://www.doksinet Regional spread of crashes for selected countries Germany Australia Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast

Canterbury Otago Southland Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland 0 0 50 20 40 China UK Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland 0 50 0 100 India 50 100 USA Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Taranaki Manawatu/Wanganui Wellington Nelson/Marlborough West Coast Canterbury Otago Southland 0 0 50 Visitor 20 40 Other overseas Note: different axes used for the country graphs to best display regional profiles.

26 Source: http://www.doksinet The different mixes of visitor status and regional spread of crashes mean that the mix of road types for crashes varies between the selected countries. Overseas drivers involved in crashes – by road type (selected countries) Motorway USA Open Road State Highway Other Open Road INDIA Urban State Highway Other urban CHINA UK GERMANY AUSTRALIA 0 100 200 300 400 Over 60 percent of crashes for drivers from Germany (68 percent), the USA (66 percent) and the UK (60 percent) occur on the open road, excluding motorways. This compares to 45 percent for drivers from China and 35 percent of drivers from India. Only 20 percent of crashes for German licence holders occur on urban roads not on the statehighway system compared to 49 percent for Indian licence holders 27 Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix 1 Fatal crashes involving overseas drivers Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

2014 Overseas driver involved Crashes 20 18 19 14 17 20 16 14 21 22 14 18 17 17 21 18 15 19 11 16 % of all crashes 4.0% 3.9% 4.1% 3.2% 3.9% 5.2% 4.1% 3.8% 5.2% 5.9% 4.1% 5.1% 4.5% 5.1% 6.2% 5.3% 5.8% 7.1% 4.6% 6.0% Overseas driver at fault Crashes 12 13 16 10 13 14 12 11 10 17 10 17 16 12 14 12 14 16 11 15 % of all crashes 2.4% 2.8% 3.4% 2.3% 3.0% 3.7% 3.0% 3.0% 2.5% 4.5% 2.9% 4.9% 4.3% 3.6% 4.2% 3.6% 5.4% 6.0% 4.6% 5.7% Overseas driver failed to adjust to local conditions was a contributing factor Crashes % of all crashes 9 1.8% 10 2.2% 10 2.1% 6 1.4% 4 0.9% 7 1.8% 3 0.8% 6 1.6% 5 1.2% 5 1.3% 5 1.5% 4 1.1% 6 1.6% 1 0.3% 6 1.8% 7 2.1% 6 2.3% 8 3.0% 7 2.9% 7 2.6% Injury crashes involving overseas drivers Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overseas driver involved Crashes 327 324 265 279 271 302 406 598 614 566 552 589 644 644 662 562 532 502 537 536 % of all crashes 2.8% 3.2% 2.9% 3.3% 3.3% 4.0% 4.8% 6.1%

6.0% 5.6% 5.2% 5.3% 5.5% 5.6% 6.1% 5.3% 5.5% 5.4% 5.9% 6.2% Overseas driver at fault Crashes 213 219 180 183 185 203 289 416 442 390 386 404 445 443 465 418 411 368 406 410 % of all crashes 1.8% 2.2% 2.0% 2.2% 2.3% 2.7% 3.4% 4.2% 4.3% 3.9% 3.7% 3.7% 3.8% 3.9% 4.3% 3.9% 4.3% 3.9% 4.5% 4.8% Overseas driver failed to adjust to local conditions was a contributing factor Crashes % of all crashes 54 0.5% 77 0.8% 64 0.7% 71 0.8% 60 0.7% 60 0.8% 81 1.0% 109 1.1% 86 0.8% 56 0.6% 62 0.6% 61 0.6% 88 0.7% 112 1.0% 128 1.2% 145 1.4% 153 1.6% 123 1.3% 138 1.5% 128 1.5% 28 Source: http://www.doksinet Overseas drivers involved in fatal crashes Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overseas drivers involved in crashes Drivers 20 18 19 14 17 20 16 15 23 24 14 18 19 17 21 20 15 21 11 16 % of all crash involved drivers 2.6% 2.7% 2.7% 2.0% 2.5% 3.3% 2.7% 2.7% 3.7% 4.1% 2.6% 3.3% 3.4% 3.6% 4.1% 4.0% 3.9% 5.2% 2.9% 4.0% Overseas

drivers at-fault in crashes Drivers 12 13 16 10 13 14 12 11 10 17 10 17 16 12 14 12 14 16 11 15 % of all crash involved drivers 1.5% 1.9% 2.2% 1.5% 1.9% 2.3% 2.0% 2.0% 1.6% 2.9% 1.9% 3.1% 2.9% 2.5% 2.8% 2.4% 3.6% 4.0% 2.9% 3.7% Overseas drivers who failed to adjust to local conditions Drivers 9 10 10 6 4 7 3 7 5 5 5 4 6 1 6 7 6 8 7 7 % of all crash involved drivers 1.2% 1.5% 1.4% 0.9% 0.6% 1.2% 0.5% 1.3% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 1.1% 0.2% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 2.0% 1.9% 1.7% Overseas drivers involved in injury crashes Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overseas drivers involved in crashes % of all crash Drivers involved drivers 329 1.8% 328 2.1% 270 1.9% 282 2.1% 277 2.2% 302 2.6% 418 3.2% 621 4.0% 628 3.9% 573 3.6% 566 3.4% 602 3.5% 660 3.5% 659 3.7% 679 4.0% 585 3.6% 544 3.7% 515 3.6% 547 3.9% 548 4.2% Overseas drivers at-fault in crashes % of all crash Drivers involved drivers 213 1.1% 219 1.4% 180 1.3% 182 1.4% 185

1.4% 202 1.8% 289 2.2% 415 2.7% 442 2.7% 390 2.5% 384 2.3% 403 2.3% 444 2.4% 442 2.5% 465 2.7% 418 2.6% 411 2.8% 368 2.6% 406 2.9% 410 3.1% Overseas drivers who failed to adjust to local conditions % of all crash Drivers involved drivers 54 0.3% 77 0.5% 65 0.5% 70 0.5% 61 0.5% 60 0.5% 81 0.6% 109 0.7% 86 0.5% 56 0.4% 62 0.4% 61 0.4% 88 0.5% 113 0.6% 128 0.8% 145 0.9% 154 1.0% 123 0.9% 138 1.0% 128 1.0% 29 Source: http://www.doksinet Deaths in crashes involving overseas drivers Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overseas driver involved in crash Deaths 27 19 26 20 24 23 23 19 23 28 14 21 21 18 24 20 17 28 13 23 % of all deaths 4.6% 3.7% 4.8% 4.0% 4.7% 5.0% 5.1% 4.7% 5.0% 6.4% 3.5% 5.3% 5.0% 4.9% 6.3% 5.3% 6.0% 9.1% 5.1% 7.9% Overseas driver at-fault in crash Deaths 16 14 21 15 15 15 17 15 12 23 10 20 20 13 16 14 16 25 13 22 % of all deaths 2.7% 2.7% 3.9% 3.0% 2.9% 3.2% 3.7% 3.7% 2.6% 5.3% 2.5% 5.1% 4.8% 3.6%

4.2% 3.7% 5.6% 8.1% 5.1% 7.5% Overseas driver failed to adjust to local conditions Deaths 11 11 13 9 4 7 3 7 7 7 5 4 7 1 8 7 7 13 9 10 % of all deaths 1.9% 2.1% 2.4% 1.8% 0.8% 1.5% 0.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.6% 1.2% 1.0% 1.7% 0.3% 2.1% 1.9% 2.5% 4.2% 3.6% 3.4% Injuries in crashes involving overseas drivers Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overseas driver involved in crash Injuries 521 546 473 493 500 553 709 965 990 905 899 938 1023 996 1070 875 802 751 778 846 % of all injuries 3.1% 3.7% 3.5% 3.9% 4.1% 5.0% 5.7% 6.9% 6.8% 6.4% 6.1% 6.1% 6.3% 6.5% 7.3% 6.2% 6.3% 6.2% 6.6% 7.6% Overseas driver at-fault in crash Injuries 341 375 333 333 350 380 508 678 705 614 623 649 727 698 743 663 635 557 613 669 % of all injuries 2.0% 2.5% 2.5% 2.7% 2.9% 3.4% 4.1% 4.8% 4.9% 4.4% 4.3% 4.2% 4.5% 4.6% 5.1% 4.7% 5.0% 4.6% 5.2% 6.0% Overseas driver failed to adjust to local conditions Injuries 101 151 145 142 145 130 161 209 160 123

127 100 180 195 235 239 257 220 234 255 % of all injuries 0.6% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% 1.1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 1.1% 1.3% 1.6% 1.7% 2.0% 1.8% 2.0% 2.3% 30 Source: http://www.doksinet Fatal and injury crashes Overseas licence holders involved in crashes Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number 289 296 294 322 434 636 651 597 580 620 679 676 700 605 559 536 558 564 % of all drivers 1.9% 2.1% 2.2% 2.7% 3.2% 3.9% 3.9% 3.6% 3.4% 3.5% 3.5% 3.7% 4.0% 3.6% 3.7% 3.6% 3.9% 4.2% Crashes that involve an overseas licence holder 284 293 288 322 422 612 635 588 566 607 661 661 683 580 547 521 548 552 % of crashes where. an overseas licence holder was involved 3.0% 3.3% 3.4% 4.1% 4.7% 6.0% 5.9% 5.6% 5.2% 5.3% 5.4% 5.6% 6.1% 5.3% 5.5% 5.4% 5.9% 6.2% an overseas licence holder was at fault 2.1% 2.2% 2.3% 2.8% 3.4% 4.2% 4.2% 3.9% 3.6% 3.7% 3.8% 3.9% 4.3% 3.9% 4.3% 4.0% 4.5% 4.8% an overseas driver did not adjust to local

conditions 0.8% 0.9% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 1.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1.4% 1.6% 1.5% Terminology Fatal injuries: injuries that result in death within 30 days of the crash. Serious injuries: fractures, concussions, internal injuries, crushings, severe cuts and lacerations, severe general shock necessitating medical treatment and any other injury involving removal to and detention in hospital. Minor injuries: injuries of a minor nature such as sprains and bruises. At-fault: The behaviour of several drivers may contribute to a crash, but only one driver is assigned the primary responsibility. This driver is called the at-fault driver The determination of primary responsibility is based on crash movements and crash cause factors assigned in the Crash Analysis System. It is not based on legal liability or court conviction. Fault/responsibility here only considers driver and rider factors contributing to the crash There may also be road or system factors that contributed to

the crash. Urban and Open road: Here these are defined based on speed limit rather than land use. Urban is all roads with a speed limit of 70km/h or less. All other roads are labelled as open road 31 Source: http://www.doksinet Appendix 2: Visitor numbers for context There is no rigorous measure of the amount of driving done by overseas licence holders. This would require good measures of the travel done by short-term visitors, migrants and students, who were using rental vehicles, vehicles owned by the overseas licence holder or vehicles owned by New Zealand friends and relatives. Without a good measure of distance travelled there can be no direct comparison of risk for different groups of overseas licence holders. While there is no direct measure of the change in the amount of driving done by overseas licence holders, changes in international visitor numbers provide some context for the marked changes in the numbers of overseas licence holders in crashes. The following graph

shows an increase in international visitor numbers through the early 2000s, including an increase in the number who said they had travelled by rental or privately owned vehicles. These numbers do not include migrants. International visitor numbers and travel mode 3,000,000 2,500,000 Number of visitors Total visitors 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Car or van owned by you/f amily/ f riend(s)/company Rental Car Campervan/ Motorhome 0 (Source: NZ.Stat, International visitor survey - survey of visitors aged 15 years and over) The following graph shows the percentage change in short term visitors for the 6 countries discussed in the crash data. The number of visitors from China has tripled since 2005 and the number from India has doubled Over the same time period the number of visitors from the UK has dropped by over a third. While this is not a direct measure of the change in the amount of driving done by visitors from these countries, and does not include migrants, it

does provide some context for the marked change in the relative contribution of these countries to the numbers of overseas licence holders in crashes. The number of crash involved drivers from the UK more than halved and the numbers from both China and India more than doubled from 2005 to 2014. 32 Source: http://www.doksinet Short-term visitors – selected countries – percentage change Percentage change since 2005 250% 200% Australia China 150% Germany 100% UK India 50% USA 0% -50% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year 3 (Source: International Travel and Migration data, Short-term Overseas Visitor Arrivals. ) There is a large seasonal variation in short-term visitor arrival numbers, especially for those who are on holiday/vacation. This broadly matches the seasonal variation in crashes There is a big spike in the numbers visiting friends and family in December. There is less variation for those travelling for business or conferences

Overseas visitor arrivals by month and purpose (2014) 200000 180000 Holiday/vacation 160000 Visit f riends/relatives 140000 Other/unknown 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (Source: International Travel and Migration data, Short-term Overseas Visitor Arrivals.) 3 Access to the data was provided by Statistics New Zealand under conditions designed to give effect to the security provisions of the Statistics Act 1975 33 Source: http://www.doksinet The following graphs show that visitors from different countries come for different reasons and use a different mix of transport options while here. German and Chinese visitors are most likely to be here on holiday (about three-quarters), while for visitors from Australia and the UK there are as many here to visit friends and relatives as there are on holiday. Trip purpose for overseas visitors (2014) USA UK Business Germany Holiday / vacation Visiting f riends / relatives

China Other Australia 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% (Source: NZ.Stat, International visitor survey - survey of visitors aged 15 years and over) Nearly 60 percent of German visitors used a rental vehicle while in New Zealand. Over 40 percent of those from the UK travelled in a privately owned car or van. Visitors from China are most likely to have included a bus tour in their travels. Again this gives no indication of the amount of driving done in each mode by different groups, but it does illustrate that visitor numbers alone are not a good measure of the amount of driving done by visitors from different countries. Transport mode for overseas visitors (2014) USA Percent who used a. UK Tour bus Germany Rental car / campervan / motorhome China Car or van owned by you / f amily / f riend(s) / company Australia 0% 20% 40% 60% (Source: NZ.Stat, International visitor survey - survey of visitors aged 15 years and over Note: respondents can select multiple modes of travel.) 34